清代前期东北地区赫哲"新满洲"形成初探

入关后,特别是在康雍时期,为加强对东北少数民族的管理、填补东北防务空虚、巩固东北边疆,清政府在东北地区实行"徙民编旗"政策,将少数民族部众大规模迁入内地,以"新满洲"形式编入满洲八旗,极大缓解了八旗兵源不足的问题,也为满洲共同体输入了新鲜血液。赫哲"新满洲"入旗后,即调往东北各地驻防,与旧满洲共处而全面满化,最终融入满族共同体,完成了由赫哲而新满洲,由新满洲而满洲的历史进程。     

清代东北地区“新满洲”旗地与随缺地初探

清代东北地区“新满洲”的经济生活来源多样化,既包括体现差别待遇的俸饷、旗地与随缺地等收入,也包括采集与渔猎所得及楚勒罕等贸易收入.清政府对东北驻防八旗发放俸饷的同时,将旗地与随缺地等分配给“新满洲”,使其可依靠垦荒及出租旗地收入以贴补战时装备所需及赡养家眷.     

清代东北八旗界官研究

清代东北地区基层社会的官制,长期具有"旗民分治"的特点。在各处八旗驻防地,尽管八旗制度长期存在,但在八旗制度内部,为应对旗人越旗居住、耕种,以及同一村屯内旗民杂处等若干新问题,各地方旗署将驻防地的村屯按照地域划分成若干界,拣选在旗当差的佐领、防御及世职云骑尉等,委为一界之界官,专办管界内的各项差务。清代东北各八旗驻防地的界官名称不同,设置时间不一,所司职责呈现一定的时空差异,但其旗界内基层承管官的角色不曾改变。界官所承办差务繁杂,主要是维护管界内的社会治安,承办界内旗民人等的涉农事务,督倡本界旗民的风俗教化等。东北地区的八旗界官,在咸丰至同治年间发展到鼎盛时期,自同治朝以降的同光宣三朝,因民治地方官的增设,练、防军及乡团练勇的募练,尤其是光绪末年至宣统年间四乡巡警的创办,八旗界官的职权被分割,因而迅速走向衰亡,但其作为清代东北八旗驻防地区基层行政官制演进中重要一环的地位无可替代。     

清末东北旗地的发展变化与旗人地主的兴起

关于东北的旗地问题,一些中外学者曾进行过较为深入的研究。但纵观现有成果,多侧重于清前期的旗地制度,有关清末东北旗地的研究成果十分缺乏,有待深入研究。本文仅就清末东北地区一般旗地的发展变化及旗人地主的发展等问题作一初步考察,就教于学界师友。     

抗日战争中我的父亲、二哥和我——兼谈故宫古物陈列所的地下反日活动

我是镶白旗满族人,属于所谓“满洲八大族”之一的伊尔根觉罗氏。“赵”是辛亥革命后的汉姓。清代的八旗制度,正黄、镶黄、正白为上三旗,地位较高。正红、镶红、正蓝、镶蓝、镶白为下五旗,地位较低。我家不仅是下五旗,而且是京外驻防旗人。满族入关后,为了镇压、防范汉族人民的反抗,在京畿和江宁（今南京）、杭州、福州、广州、荆州、西安、成都、绥远等地驻有八旗劲旅。这些编入军事编制的旗人,就叫做“驻防旗人”,在旗人中地位较低。其中在京外驻防的称“外驻防”,地位就更低。我就出生在一个驻防在荆州的“外驻防”旗人家中。     

近代荆州驻防旗人社会变迁研究

八旗研究一直是清史研究中的热点问题,本文重点以近代荆州驻防为中心,以地方史文献资料为依托,对荆州驻防旗人社会的变迁以及清朝灭亡后的荆州旗人社会发展与瓦解的过程进行探究,对荆州驻防八旗在近代冲击下旗人社会变迁进行梳理,主要从教育、军事等方面入手,对荆州驻防近代教育发展,选派留学生、人才培养与学校建设上进行梳理,在军事方面,对新军的建设与军队组成进行探讨,力求对晚清八旗军队的转型进行研究,同时文章还涉及到辛亥革命时期荆州驻防八旗的种种反应,以研究驻防八旗对清政府维护地方统治的意义进行探讨,并且文章重点论述了清朝崩溃以后荆州旗人的生计问题,对民国政府的努力与旗人社会自我救助进行复原,对荆州驻防的善后进行重点论述.     

论清代东北驻防八旗的兴衰

有清一代,今东北三省是皇朝八旗兵诞生的故土。顺治帝入关和完成全国大一统后,东北管理体制异于内地行省,东北驻防八旗体制即是它的显著特点之一。自顺治十年五月东北开始建治后,东北驻防体制非但没有削弱,反而逐渐加强完善,成为有清一代全国四大类驻防八旗中最典型的区域,驻防兵力约占全国驻防八旗总数的37.8％,是清代东北唯一的一支国家“经制兵”。光绪三十三年创建东北三省裁撤驻防将军,宣统元年各专城副都统裁撒完毕,方废止了东北驻防体制,新式陆军和巡防队成为东北主要军事力量。本文试图从“兵备”角度论述东北驻防体制形成过程及其各阶段的主要特征,探讨其衰落的诸种因素,求诸斧正。 (一) 顺治元年至康熙二十二年(1644—1683)为东北驻防体制创立时期。先柳条边内后边外,从南往北逐渐建立专城驻防,增添八旗兵额,但随应性较大并无定制,名额、驻城“初无定限”。     

从荆州驻防八旗看清朝的旗民分治政策

清政府入关之后,为巩固已有的成果,在全国大部分地方设立驻防八旗。从驻防八旗在荆州的一系列活动,如修界城、建满城等可解清朝的旗民分治政策。旗民分治是满族统治者维护自身特权,保持本民族各种传统的产物。     

从八旗驻防到地方行政制度——以清代盛京八旗驻防制度的嬗变为中心

清代承平日久,驻防盛京的旗人逐渐卷入当地的社会生活,由客居变为土著。旗人社会的变化,使以军事防御为主的八旗驻防制度发生了重大变革。本文通过对清代盛京八旗驻防制度的考察,认为驻防旗官从行政、司法、经济诸领域渗入地方社会的管理,八旗驻防的地方政府不断完善,与民官一起,成为区域社会的重要管理者。盛京将军辖区的"城"已成为驻防区约定俗成的政区,拥有治所、幅员、边界、行政组织等,驻防制度逐渐演变为带有八旗制度特征的地方行政制度。     

论清初东北招民开垦政策与汉族民人对东北的开发

清朝迁都北京后 ,满族大量移居中原 ,造成东北经济的凋敝。清初 ,清廷在加强东北驻防八旗的同时 ,积极鼓励关内汉族民人出关开垦土地 ,恢复辽沈地区残破的经济。为了有效地管理迁居关外开垦土地的汉族民人 ,清廷设置了民治州县机构。随着汉族民人的大量徙入 ,东北地区土地得到开发 ,城镇兴起 ,以烧锅、油坊、参、貂、烟、麻、药材为主要特色的城镇经济得以发展。     

尽看春色漫野花

<正>迎春花黄杏花粉,桃花红艳梨花白,花是春天的诗句,花是春雨的锦囊,花是我们亮丽的心情,花期里有蜜的酿造、果实的睡梦……去吧,去山野里和     

Cabotage at Aperlae in Ancient Lycia

Aperlae was a small remote maritime city in ancient Lycia with a millennial floruit (late 4th century BC through the late 7th century AD). The harsh terrain of its hinterland forced a reliance on the Mediterranean from its founding to its demise. The Aperlites stabilized and enhanced their urban waterfronts in modest ways over the centuries, but basically they maintained and sustained their intimate relationship with the sea without elaborate docking or harbour installations. Fishing, probably a primary industry, centred on the harvest of murex trunculus , the marine mollusk from which purple dye was made. This valuable commodity appears to have been produced in Aperlae for export to Andriake, the international emporium of nearby Myra, for transshipment to textile centres throughout the Mediterranean. There, coastal traders also acquired the necessities and luxuries the city needed but did not produce. Proxy evidence, impressive archaeological features on land and under the sea, speaks to moments of prosperity for Aperlae well beyond mere subsistence. Cabotage was this secondary port's enduring lifeline.     

蒲城元宵拨五更

蒲城,在浙江省苍南县的最南端,是一座保存完整的抗倭名城,始建于明洪武年间.北面靠山,三面城墙下各有瓮城,辖下的寨、堡、墩、台、堠至今仍有25处. 蒲城保留了许多古老的历史遗存,有自成一体的"城里话",有相传是戚(继光)家军粮的"戚光饼",还有每年秋收至翌年元宵的"打更"人,最典型的莫过于春社"拨五更".     

Homeless at Home in East Durham

Abstract: This paper contributes to research on homelessness and home, focusing on the experiences of young, working class women living in privately rented or social housing in the former coalfields of East Durham in north east England. Although the women had a place to live, they rarely felt “at home” because they lived in the most deprived areas of East Durham, or too far away from family and friends, or in substandard accommodation. The women were denied the “normative values of home” that should be, as Iris Marion Young (1997) argued, accessible to everyone. While most of the women were on a waiting list for social housing, home was experienced in the emotional space of imagining and hoping to move house while living with the frustration of not moving. They often felt homeless. The paper sets the young women's experiences of home(lessness) against a changing housing policy context.     

Liminality at work in Norwegian hotels

ABSTRACT

Hotels are spaces of temporary accommodation, but they are also important temporary spaces for an increasingly mobile and segmented workforce with different backgrounds and motives. In this paper we wish to address the temporary and transitional nature of hotel work by employing the term ‘liminality’. More specifically, we analyse the hotel as a liminal space for transient workers that view this work as a temporary endeavour. By drawing upon data from a study of hotel workers in Norway, we discuss how the liminality of hotel work may be understood. Here, we turn to an important debate within tourism studies on the blurring relationships between consumer and producer identities in resorts, often referred to in terms such as ‘working tourist’ or ‘migrant tourist-worker’. For a relatively privileged group of workers, the hotel becomes a space of liminal lifestyle pursuits as well as a space of work. We also contrast this privileged group with a different and less privileged liminal group of ‘expatriate workers’. Transient lifestyles and consumption of recreation among workers can have problematic effects in terms of reducing solidarity, and we wish to develop this further by investigating how worker representation and solidarity develops in liminal spaces of work. While strategies of liminality may have a transformative impact on the individual, their aggregate effects might simultaneously alter the way in which hospitality work is negotiated – from the collective to the individual level. As such, hotels as employers of working tourists pose a great challenge to collective representation, and may undermine effective worker action for less privileged groups of workers. The final section of this paper addresses this challenge, asking what bearings the individualism that dominates liminal work spaces has for trade unionism in the hospitality industry.     

居酒屋夜话

日本的史学界,对明治时代促进近代化的评价过高的观点,是否可以商榷？这显然是一个道地的学术理论话题,日本何以无宦官,遣唐史与中国的文化东进,俳圣芭蕉的《古池》读解,汉字在日本的命运,文化阴影里的“国技”相扑……,本文的十个分支,构筑的是一个中国旅居者的日本文化观,然而,这并不是一个学术文本,本文以文化随笔的模式道来,力图企及日本文化的某些本质的东西,在风格上,自然与学术文章之道多有不同。