Rural Village Organizations And Their Services （Ⅲ）

In the Tibet Autonomous Region, 80 percent of residents are still living in rural pasturage areas. In addition to accomplishing the tasks assigned by upper level governments, village organizations can also offer flexible and effective public services.     

Rural Village Organizations and Their Services （Ⅰ）

Statistics show about 80 percent of the people in the Tibet Autonomous Region live in the rural and pastoral areas. This points up the need for further improvement of village organizations and their public services.Evolution of Village OrganizationsIn 1959, before the Democratic Reform, the Zong (corresponding to County) was the lowest government level. Villages were under the management of the heads of manors, aristocrats or monasteries.In general, manor masters were hered-     

Interview with Village Leaders （ Ⅱ）： Political, Legal and Public Services in Rural Tibet

Temtog（them-thog） Town of Zugong County is famous in the area along the Sichuan-Tibet Highway largely because it contains the ancient Zugong（mdzosgang） Monastery. The presence of the monastery first attracted many visitors and gradually helped to create a local community and market.     

Interview with Village Leaders （Ⅳ）： Political, Legal and Public Services in Rural Tibet

Sainted Naxi ethnic group village head Gongqoi Zhaxi Located at southeast comer of Tibet, Yanjin （tsha-kha）is close to Yunnan Province. It is a wellknown place in Tibet for several reasons. First, this place produces well salt differing from the lake salt in northern Tibet. The salt produced here is formed by isolating salty water fetched from wells beside the Lancangjiang River in salt ponds. Second, in Yanjin, there is a unique Catholic church, and there are many Tibetan people who became Catholics from the late 19th century onwards. Third, this is the only place in Tibet inhabited by the Naxi ethnic group. On July 7 2005, this writer interviewed the sainted senior village head of Lower Yanjin Village, Yanjin Township.     

Interview with Village Leaders （1）：Political,Legal and Public Services in Rural Tibet

The Tibetan Areas Development Study Group of the CAS, led by research fellow Wan Luolin （who is the head of the CAS Learning Advisory Committee and original administrative vice president） and research fellow Zhu Ling （deputy director of CAS Economic Research Institute）, developed the extensive research activities in the Tibetan-inhabited areas since 2000, While the study group completed the special subject policy report, it also published some learning achievements such as Choice of Roads to Development in Underdeveloped Areas-Case Study of the Tibetan-Inhabited Areas in Yunnan （published by the Economic Management Press in 2003）and Marketization and Grass-roots Public Serices-Case Study of Tibet （published by Nationality Press in 2005）.In July and August 2005, the study group developed a research program in Garze of Sichuan Province and the Qamdo area of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway.     

Power of Religion in Rural Areas and Its Public Service （Ⅱ） ——An Analysis of Cases in Five Villages

In rural areas in Tibet where religion believers occupy a very high proportion of the population, religious service can also be included into the scope of public services, because it is not only related to local social stability, but also bound up with the quality of life (such as a sense of happiness and the perceived meaning of life) in the view of local people. Investigation in five villages shows how in the rural areas in Tibet, various religious authorities provide such services.     

西藏农区村级组织及其公共服务供给（Ⅲ）

统计资料显示,目前在我国西藏自治区仍有80％的人口生活在农村牧区,这就意味着西藏人口中的绝大多数所需要的公共产品诸如经济安全、社会稳定、公益设施以及医疗、教育等都全部或部分地依赖村级组织的公共服务供给。因此,完善村级组织、提高其公共服务的效能对西藏广大农牧民的现实生活具有重大意义。     

Power of Religion in Rural Areas and Its Public Service （I）——An Analysis of Cases in Five Villages

In the study of socio-economic development in Tibet, one tends to stress the role of non-economic elements, especially the role of humans and social background.Of these, the role of religious culture is regarded as the most important. However, there are basically two approaches to the issue: First of all, although religion exerts a varied role on economic growth, legal construction, public welfare and ethics, one tends to each only a general judgment. Secondly, study of the role played by religion focused on the religious doctrines held by monks, and monks themselves. Although many point out the fact that religious power over people varies, it roots in the rural areas and among the folk at large is still neglected.Hence, there is the need to study individual cases.     

A Study of The Sculptures of lwang （E-Warn）Temple and an Analysisof Their Art Style

I was fortunate enough to get hold of two archaeological reports about Iwang (E-Wam) Temple nearly at the same time in I992^1 One of them was written by Italian Tibetologist Robeter Vitali and the other by Tibetan Archaeological Team (also called Tibetan General Cultural Relics Survey Team). Although these two