黄河中下游地区史前二层台墓研究

黄河中下游地区40余处遗址的400多座二层台墓资料显示,生土二层台墓的数量在仰韶中晚期以前较熟土台墓多,龙山时代式微。该变化的背后是棺椁的逐渐成熟,生土台墓中小部分带有盖板或原始棺椁,同时熟土台并非判断墓葬带有棺椁的充要条件。通过生土台高度和墓葬深度的二元变量分析,墓葬开挖时预留生土台并未考虑稳固墓室,而应该与构建殓尸空间(或椁室)、进行一系列丧葬活动有关,在台面上放置随葬品的情况存在一定的时空差异。二层台墓的分布具有集中埋葬的倾向,采用二层台墓的群体并无明显的性别和死亡年龄指向,从仰韶中期以来,其所代表的社会群体占据着更为优越的社会财富。     

甘青地区史前人口年龄构成研究

年龄是人口的一个基本的自然属性。人口的年龄构成不仅反映人口的再生产状况,而且也反映社会的发展、变动情况。这一点在史前时代表现的尤为突出。鉴于此,本文在系统梳理甘青地区史前人骨资料的基础上,通过全面细致的统计,对这一地区史前人口年龄构成的基本情况以及人口年龄构成与社会复杂化进程的关系进行了较为深入的研究。     

黄河流域史前人口性别研究

性别作为人口自然结构的重要组成部分,与社会发展直接相关.黄河流域史前人口存在“高性比”的现象,这在一定程度上影响了史前人口的婚姻形态构成.黄河流域史前时代不同性别人口的死亡率、健康状况,在不同时代存在明显差异,这些与社会复杂化进程存在直接的关系.     

中国全新世大暖期与黄河中下游地区的农业文明

距今8500~3000年是全新世以来气候最佳适宜期,在我国称之为“中国全新世大暖期”或“仰韶温暖期”。处在南北交接“生态过渡带”的黄河中下游地区,气候温暖湿润,植物繁茂,动物众多,水源充足,黄土疏松肥沃,这些适宜的生态环境为农业的孕育起源提供了得天独厚的温床。从新石器时代早期的南庄头遗址、案板遗址,到裴李岗文化、磁山文化、仰韶文化、龙山文化遗址,直至夏商时代的文化遗迹,都发现有丰富的农业遗存,充分说明黄河中下游地区是农业起源的中心地区之一。有利的生态环境背景和丰厚的经济基础,也是该地区文明发祥和早期王朝建都于此的主要因素。     

黄河中下游地区音乐类非物质文化遗产空间格局与旅游开发模式研究——以陕、豫、鲁三省为例

黄河中下游地区非物质文化遗产门类齐全,空间分布差异明显,具有较强的研究与开发价值。利用文献收集法、ArcGIS软件核密度估计法等研究方法对陕、豫、鲁三省音乐类非物质文化遗产的空间集聚特征与信息进行分析,通过所得空间格局规律构建相应旅游开发模式,使黄河中下游地区音乐类非物质文化遗产得到高质量应用与联合,在实践层面上对该区域非遗保护和旅游开发协同发展产生一定的现实指导作用。     

TEMPORAL HYGIENE: PROBLEMS IN CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATE PREHISTORIC PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE OHIO RIVER VALLEY

Abstract

Radiocarbon dates are an independent source of data for constructing temporal relationships. Too often dates are shoehorned by preconceptions and hobbled by casual sample selection, reporting, and interpretation. Several authors have established quality-control criteria for evaluating and cleansing regional radiocarbon databases. Recent applications of such temporal hygiene practices in paleoecology and archaeology have resulted in significant reinterpretations of the sequence, timing, and tempo of change. Further, a new appreciation is often gained of the extent of synchronic variability. I apply a minimal hygienic protocol based on three criteria: material dated, method of age estimation, and when the sample was run. I illustrate both the value of and the need for such analyses by cleaning up a small sample of dates (N = 125) from 11 Fort Ancient sites. The single largest problem for determining occupation timing is the use of wood samples. Nearly 80 percent of the assays are unacceptable for use in reconstructing occupation history, except to frame the maximal age of occupation. The modifications to the timing and duration of occupation for these 11 sites significantly undermine the logical inferential structure of current reconstructions of change and difference in the middle Ohio River valley.     

TEMPORAL TRENDS IN NATIVE CERAMIC TRADITIONS OF THE LOWER CATAWBA RIVER VALLEY

Abstract

Bennie Keel’s 1972 work at Upper Sauratown was the opening salvo of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology’s 30-year Siouan Project, which continues under the guise of the ongoing Catawba Project. Keel’s early work at the protohistoric Hardins and early historic era Belk Farm sites in the Catawba River Valley continues to inform the current phase of Piedmont Siouan research. This study compares and contrasts Keel’s Hardins and Belk Farm ceramic assemblages with those from the later Catawba sites of Nassaw Town, Old Town, and New Town to achieve a diachronic view of Catawba ceramic development. This comparison reveals a long span of stylistic and technological continuity abruptly terminated by rapid emergence of the modern Catawba ceramic tradition between 1760 and 1770.     

NEOLITHIC SOILS, MIDDENS AND ALLUVIUM IN THE LOWER WELLAND VALLEY

Summary. The soil micromorphological analysis of buried soils and probable 'midden' deposits buried beneath alluvium from six sites in the lower Welland valley between Maxey and Etton (Cambridgeshire) has revealed a deforested early Neolithic landscape which quickly became subject to seasonal alluviation. This paper suggests that the Neolithic/Bronze Age use of this landscape is directly related to its interpretation as an alluviated floodplain rather than an alluviated, former dry-land landscape.     

黄河沿岸人地关系与发展

文明的产生与扩散是人地相互作用的反映,不同的文明与不同的地理环境密切相关,不同发展阶段的文明又反映了不同类别的地理要素的组合及其共同作用。产生古文明的区域,在新的发展阶段由于地理环境优势的变化,又面临着严峻的发展挑战。本文分析了黄河文明的起源、扩散与地理环境的关系,黄河特殊的"曲流"形式以及中国特殊的地形阶梯及气候带与晋商的形成,黄河沿岸东西、南北经济的相互作用及其现代发展滞后的地理因素的影响,得出了一些新的观点。在此观点的基础上,本文认为黄河沿岸的现代发展应该考虑:由河流治理为主转变为发展为主,重新认识黄河流域特殊的地理要素和社会文化要素的优势,充分利用黄河沿岸的上下互动、两岸腹地的左右互动,系统地考虑和反思黄河对国家和沿岸地区发展的综合作用,综合谋划黄河沿岸地区的发展。     

PREHISTORIC COPPER PRODUCTION IN THE INN VALLEY (AUSTRIA), AND THE EARLIEST COPPER IN CENTRAL EUROPE*

In recent years archaeological finds and scientific analyses have provided increasing evidence for a very early beginning of copper production in the rich mining area of the Tyrolean Alps. The earliest findings derive from an excavation of a multi‐phase settlement on the Mariahilfbergl in Brixlegg, which revealed evidence that a small amount of fahlores, probably of local provenance, was at least heated if not even smelted there in the Late Neolithic Münchshöfen culture (the second half of the fifth millennium bc ). However, most copper finds of this horizon consist of low‐impurity copper that most probably derives from Majdanpek in Serbia. This long‐distance relationship is corroborated by typological features that link some aspects of the Münchshöfen culture with the Carpathian basin. Thus it is not yet clear if, at Brixlegg, actual copper production took place or, rather, an experimental treatment of the local ores. The typical fahlore composition, with arsenic and antimony in the per cent and silver and bismuth in the per mille ranges, appears in quantity only in the Early Bronze Age. Many thousands of Ösenringe are known from many central European Early Bronze Age sites, with a chemical composition typical of fahlores. At Buchberg near Brixlegg, a fortified settlement with slags from fahlore smelting proves that the local ores were indeed exploited. The lead isotope ratios of Ösenringe from the Gammersham hoard in Bavaria, which consist of fahlore copper, confirm this and suggest that copper mining and production in the Inn Valley reached a first climax during that period. In the Late Bronze Age, copper was produced at an almost industrial level.     

走进北仑河口红树林

<正>无论是旅游还是摄影采风,到了防城港不可不去东兴,去了东兴又不可不去北仑河口,因为那里有国家级自然保护区,那里有中国的重要湿地,那里还有很多历史与文化遗迹……其实,更吸引我的则是那里的中国最大连片的红树林。坐上东兴到竹山的小巴,不到一个小时就到了目的地。要看红树林倒不急,竹山老街上的一些古迹则不可不看;看过之后再去红树林则像享受一段美妙的音乐一样,渐渐地进入到了高     

北魏中后期纪年墓等级规制研究

<正>目次一地面封土与陵园建筑二墓道及过洞天井三墓室结构四随葬品组合五墓主身份六结语北魏由拓跋鲜卑建立,墓葬体现了多民族文化融合的特征。随着考古材料不断积累,纪年墓的资料日渐丰富,为探讨北魏中后期墓葬等级、丧葬制度提供了直接证据。目前发现的北魏墓葬近两千座,经考古发掘的不到一半,其中纪年墓信息较完整者有七十四座（附表）。纪年墓主要分布于平城和洛阳地区,墓葬年代则集中于北魏中晚期,其中最早的为太延元年（435年）破多罗太夫人墓,最晚是永熙三年（534年）李仲胤夫妇墓。本文主要通过墓葬地面封土、墓道规模、墓室结构、随葬品组合、墓主身份等反映的文化因素讨论北魏中后期墓葬的等级规制,     

ASSESSING NATURAL CLAY COMPOSITION IN THE VALLEY OF OAXACA AS A BASIS FOR CERAMIC PROVENANCE STUDIES

The Oaxaca Clay Survey was initiated to provide baseline data on clay composition within the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, to assist in provenance determination of prehistoric ceramics. Natural clays were sampled from 135 locations throughout the valley, and analysed using INAA in combination with ceramic petrography. Observed geographical trends in trace‐element and mineralogical composition confirm that while parent material (surficial geology) strongly affects clay composition, a continuum of variation exists within the valley. The study develops and tests a continuous spatial model of clay composition that provides greater resolution in ceramic sourcing than bedrock alone. By establishing a regional framework for Oaxaca Valley clays, the survey will support significant advances in our understanding of pottery production and exchange within the valley, and provide a more robust means for monitoring exchange between the valley and neighbouring regions.