评《美国城市郊区化研究》

在美国城市发展进程中,也许最有美国特色的是城市郊区化现象。美国的城市郊区化,在世界城市发展历史上,起步并不是最早的,但可以毫不夸张地说,美国城市郊区化在规模上,速度上,影响上都是其他国家不可比拟的。到今天,不仅美国人口的一半以上居住在郊区,美国成为一个名副其实的郊区化国家,而且郊区在很大程度上已反客为主,成为美国社会经济生活的主要舞台,以至很多美国城市研究权威学者提出“美国城市发展的未来在城市的边缘地带”①。2004年美国总统大选,就是这一结论最好的注脚。这次大选,如果从地域上划分,可以说是郊区与中心城市的较量。…     

对美国城市化进程的新探索——评王旭的新著《美国城市史》

城市史研究最初在美国作为社会学的一部分,起步于20世纪20年代,到了60年代,它开始作为一门独立的、跨学科的新兴学科在美、英、德等国发展起来。在我国,美国城市史作为美国历史的一个新的分支学科在80年代兴起。我国的美国城市史研究虽起步较晚,但发展较快且研究领域也在不断地拓宽。在研究美国城市史为数不多的先行中,王旭即是其中一位。     

评《都市化时代--20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》

美国城市史研究最初在美国作为社会学的一部分,起步于20世纪20年代。到60年代,它作为一门独立的跨学科研究在美国及欧洲部分国家迅速发展起来。在我国,美国城市史作为美国历史的一个新的分支在80年代兴起,起步较晚,但发展较快,某些研究已深入到了相当具体细微的层次。其中的典     

美国城市发展模式的历史解读

提及中国的美国城市史研究,王旭教授是学界公认的领军人物。他的研究不仅得到了史学界同行的广泛赞誉,而且成为地理学、经济学等学科从事城市研究工作的学者了解美国城市历史和现状的重要参考。自2000年出版我国第一部美国城市通史著作后,王旭教授继续深入探究美国城市的发展道路,     

浅析知识分子在美国进步主义运动中的作用

二十世纪初期的美国正处于陕速飞跃高速发展的历史关键时期。在第二次工业革命完成的基础上,美国的工业化进程,城市化进程,垄断资本主义进程基本完成和实现。美国学者查尔斯·塞勒斯提出：“城市最为进步的焦点,不可避免的包含着好与坏两方面。”美国城市化正如人类历史上所有的发展进步历程一样,在带来巨大经济利益同时也带来负面影响。     

洛杉矶:从地区性中心城市到全球性城市的研究

本文回顾了在当今美国乃至世界城市中占有重要位置的城市--洛杉矶从地区性中心城市到全球性城市的发展历程,探讨了洛杉矶崛起的原因。通过对这一典型案例的历史考察和综合分析,作者力图揭示出全球性城市形成中的一些具有普遍意义的启示。     

关于美国城市化研究若干问题的思考──兼评我国的研究情况

关于美国城市化研究若干问题的思考──兼评我国的研究情况黄柯可美国城市史研究最初作为社会学的一部分,起步于本世纪２０年代。到了６０年代,它开始另立门户,成为独立学科,并得到全面发展。在我国,随着改革开放新时期的到来,美国城市史作为美国历史一个新的分支学...     

“进步主义”背后的另一个面相:美国纽约市政改革中的坦慕尼协会

作为城市政治机器的代表,美国纽约市的坦慕尼协会一度被视为城市“毒瘤”,尤其在进步主义时代,改革者将其视为阻遏市政改革的罪魁祸首。这一脸谱化的负面形象在某种程度上是历史的选择性“记忆”,而坦慕尼协会对纽约城市发展的贡献却被选择性地“遗忘”。同时,坦慕尼协会的衰落并非缘于与城市进步主义运动互斥,相反,正是因为其拥抱改革,才瓦解了原有坦慕尼组织的权力网络。如果将坦慕尼协会置于更加宏观的历史视域下考察,还会发现美国政府与社会之间权力的消长,直接影响了坦慕尼协会的命运,而在其兴衰演变的过程中,美国政党政治从中获得了更大的发展空间。     

城市环境史在美国的缘起及其发展动向

城市环境史,是关于城市与自然环境相互作用的历史。在环境史研究兴起之初,城市环境史未受到应有的重视。但城市在人类生活中的重要性,城市化、郊区化所导致的环境变迁,城市中的污染、健康与公共卫生等问题,都意味着城市在美国环境史研究中不可能长期处于边缘地位。20世纪90年代以后,城市环境史成为美国环境史研究的重要领域。城市环境史研究的成果大致可以分为三类:其一是考察城市与乡村的关系,其二是研究城市污染治理及城市公共基础设施建设,其三是探讨不同社会阶层不平等的环境权益。可以预见,城市环境史研究在未来将朝更加开放多元的方向发展。     

城市史研究中的都市—地区理论

城市史研究中的都市—地区理论姜加拿大和美国虽然都是北美大陆的移民国家,但是,两国的发展有着各自不同的道路,对两国历史的解释也有着不同的理论和方法。本世纪２０、３０年代,特纳的边疆主义理论在美国史学界非常盛行,人们不但用边疆主义来解释美国疆域不断扩大...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.