赫西俄德的史学地位

赫西俄德是古希腊前史学时期的著名诗人 ,他的诗作《田功农时》和《神谱》中所反映出的历史思想在西方史学的起源上具有重要意义 ,他本人是希腊史学从萌芽状态走向完全形成长过程中的最后一位承上启下的人物     

Constructing a Historiography of Mexican Women and Gender

This article outlines the historiographical importance of the International Colloquium of Women's and Gender History in Mexico, particularly in the context of the author's own scholarship, especially her dissertation. It argues for the need for women's and gender history, and for a dialogue, by means of which these separate but related bodies of scholarship can inform the other. It includes a summary of the author's dissertation and its theoretical influences, a review of historical topics discussed at the first two conferences of the International Colloquium of Women's and Gender History, and a discussion of the historiographical implications of such developments.     

宏大叙事的缺失与复归--当代美国史学的曲折反映

史学“碎化”是美国史学重建中面临的一大难题。史学“综合”是大多数美国史学家的心愿,但也有史学家提出,关键并不在于史学“综合”,而在于重建史学的宏大叙事。关于宏大叙事的各种解读有助于我们理解史学中的“宏大叙事”。美国史学中的宏大叙事在不同的历史阶段有着不同的曲折反映。由于各种因素的影响,二战后的美国史学出现疏离宏大叙事的趋势。史学家们惊叹宏大叙事的缺失,呼吁和设计宏大叙事的重建与复归。当代美国史学宏大叙事的重建面临种种难题。这些难题从理论上讲是由于宏观社会理论的缺失与后现代理论的瓦解作用造成的,这是当代西方史学乃至整个世界史学需要直面的问题。而宏观社会理论的缺失、后现代理论的产生与宏大叙事的缺失一样都可以追溯到更深层的社会历史根源。关于美国历史的宏大叙事的前景如何,只有将来的美国史学家能够回答。     

The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative

Modern social theory, by and large, has aimed at reducing the complexity of action situations to a set of manageable abstractions. But these abstractions, whether functionalist or linguistic, fail to grasp the indeterminacy of action situations. Action proceeds by discovery and combination. The logic of action is serendipitous and combinative. From these characteristics, a number of consequences flow: The whole field of our intentions is engaged in each action situation, and cannot really be understood apart from the situation itself. In action situations we remain aware of the problems of categorization, including the dangers of infinite regress and the difficulties of specifying borders and ranges of categories. In action situations, attention is in permanent danger of being overwhelmed. We must deal with many features of action situations outside of attention; in doing so, we must entertain simultaneously numerous possibilities of action. Emotional expression is a way of talking about the kinds of possibilities we entertain. Expression and action have a rebound effect on attention. “Effort” is required to find appropriate expressions and actions, and rebound effects play a role in such effort, making it either easier or more difficult. Recent theoretical trends have failed to capture these irreducible characteristics of action situations, and have slipped into a number of errors. Language is not rich in meanings or multivocal, except as put to use in action situations. The role of “convention” in action situations is problematic, and therefore one ought not to talk of “culture.” Contrary to the assertions of certain theorists, actors do not follow strategies, except when they decide to do so. Actors do not “communicate,” in the sense of exchanging information, except in specially arranged situations. More frequently, they intervene in the effortful management of attention of their interlocutors. Dialogue, that is, very commonly becomes a form of cooperative emotional effort. From these considerations, it follows that the proper method for gaining social knowledge is to examine the history of action and of emotional effort, and to report findings in the form of narrative.     

The Gender of the Church: Conflicts and Social Wholes on Ambrym

There is a strong connection between historical village migration and present day church belonging on Ambrym Island in North‐Central Vanuatu. Church adherence has become an expression of where one comes from and an idiom for the social wholes founded on such belonging. The churches also make manifest the conflict lines between such wholes. The dynamics of such social wholes is tightly related to historical transformations in gendered practice that the traditional focus on male leadership in the church has not sufficiently explored. Through different kinds of fundraising and Christian ceremonies women create new arenas for sharing and community, and women have come to dominate the church movement.     

Emphasising the Positive: The Critical Role of Schlegel's Aesthetics

In its relationship with that which might be considered to exist beyond the perceived limits of philosophical discourse—for the sake of brevity let us call it the Absolute—Early German Romanticism tends to be presented either as mystically positivistic and therefore wholly unphilosophical, or as philosophically informed and committed to a sort of critical antifoundationalism that offers, at best, a negative non-relation to the Absolute. Naturally enough, these two opposing positions give rise to opposing reconstructions of Romantic aesthetics. Whilst broadly in agreement with the latter interpretation, this article argues, in relation to Friedrich Schlegel, that in the rush to establish the philosophical credentials of Frühromantik, some of its complexity has been jettisoned and along with it a more accurate understanding of the guiding spirit of Romantic aesthetics. Drawing on Fichte and Walter Benjamin, it will be argued that Schlegel's notion of the Wechselerweis is intended to bridge the ideal and the real in a positive experience of negation and that his much-vaunted aesthetics amounts to an attempt to develop a philosophico-literary form that would be able to express or, rather, perform precisely this.     

20世纪西方史学对兰克史学的批判与继承

兰克史学是19世纪西方史学的代表,被长期尊奉为西方史学的“样板”。20世纪以来,西方史学经历重大变迁,兰克史学的支配地位不复存在。在西方史学转型过程中,兰克史学既是当代西方史学学术批判的对象,也是学术继承的对象。文章系统考察了当代西方史学与兰克史学的批判与继承关系,认为兰克史学的一些合理思想和方法已融入当代西方史学,20世纪西方史学的变迁不是简单地否定传统,而是在突破传统中继承传统。     

The Historiography of Sexuality in Modern Germany

In this introductory essay the editors suggest that the fieldof the history of sexuality in general and in modern Germanyin particular has been organized around a complex of questionsposed by the discourse theory of Foucault and other post-structuralists.The model proposed by these theorists and elaborated in thehistorical literature of the past twenty years has given usa coherent and widely influential narrative of the developmentof modern sexualities. This model, however, is now being calledinto question by historians who explore the social constructionof sexualities in greater detail and argue that sexuality isconstructed not by sexual experts (e.g., medical, criminological,psychiatric, and psychological experts) but within diverse andparticular social milieux. The papers in this issue exemplifythis trend, focusing their attention on the complexities ofsexual discourse and revealing some of the ways in which constructionsof sexuality were contested, contradictory, and shaped by themicropolitics of other social fields (such as politics, production,and the market). Taken together, they suggest that the historyof sexuality is entering an exciting new creative phase.     

俄国史学中的“国家学派”

国家学派是19世纪中期到20世纪初俄国众多史学流派中最有影响的一个学派。本文主要论述了国家学派的形成与特点,国家学派所涉及的主要问题及其历史观念,以及俄国史学界在不同时期对它的总体评价。     

兰克史学在中国的早期流传

兰克（Leopold von Ranke,1795-1886）是19世纪德国史学大师,他的史学在19世纪西方史坛中占据着主导地位。一个多世纪以来,兰克史学不仅在西方,而且在世界其他地区也广为流传,产生了重大影响。兰克史学在20世纪初也流传到了中国,关于兰克史学在中国20世纪初到30年代的流传情况,易兰在她的论文中作过探讨。     

从宋代义理化史学到清代实证性史学的转变

在中国古代史学发展史上,如果从史学思想的角度考察问题,就会发现我国传统史学经历了从宋代义理化史学到清代实证性史学转变的过程。这两种史学思潮在史学本体论、史学认识论和史学方法论各方面都显示出截然不同的特征。揭示由宋代义理化史学到清代实证性史学转变的内涵及其意义,有助于阐明中国传统史学发展中某些内在规律。可以进一步深化史学史的研究。     

试论近代欧洲民族主义及其史学的浪漫主义渊源——以德国为讨论中心

近代欧洲民族主义和民族主义史学的产生,是浪漫主义运动在历史和政治领域的反映。浪漫主义对情感、历史连续性、独特性和整体性的强调,是民族主义产生的思想和情感基础。在启蒙运动、法国大革命和拿破仑战争的影响下,欧洲各国历史学家对本民族的历史、文化传统和命运进行深入的研究,形成了民族主义史学。浪漫主义对个体独特性以及个体与整体协调发展思想的强调,使早期民族主义和世界主义在根本上保持一致。     

新中国史学的初建:郭沫若与中国马克思主义史学主导地位的确立

郭沫若对新中国成立后中国马克思主义史学主导地位的确立及走向与发展具有重要影响。他在1949年后任中国新史学研究会筹备会和中国史学会主席,提出史学发展六个方面的转向,规划了中国史学的发展前景。他创办并主持的《历史研究》杂志提倡历史研究应史料与理论并重。郭沫若礼待陈寅恪,邀请其出任《历史研究》杂志编委和中国科学院社会科学学部委员。郭沫若重启中国古史分期问题的讨论,引发了研究一系列重要历史理论问题的热潮。在郭沫若和其他马克思主义史学家的努力下,新中国史学初步形成了发展规模。     

The Future of the Philosophy of Historiography

This article argues that the perception of decline among philosophers of history reflects the diffused weak academic status of the discipline, as distinct from the booming research activity and demand for philosophy of history that keeps pace with the growth rate of publications in the philosophies of science and law. This growth is justified and rational because the basic problems of the philosophy of history, concerning the nature of historiographical knowledge and the metaphysical assumptions of historiography, have maintained their relevance. Substantive philosophy of history has an assured popularity but is not likely to win intellectual respectability because of its epistemic weaknesses. I suggest focusing on problems that a study of historiography can help to understand and even solve, as distinct from problems that cannot be decided by an examination of historiography, such as the logical structure of explanation (logical positivism)and the relation between language and reality (post‐structuralism). In particular, following Quine's naturalized epistemology, I suggest placing the relation between evidence and historiography at the center of the philosophy of historiography. Inspired by the philosophy of law, I suggest there are three possible relations between input (evidence)and output in historiography: determinism, indeterminism, and underdeterminism. An empirical examination of historiographical agreement, disagreement, and failure to communicate may indicate which relation holds at which parts of historiography. The historiographical community seeks consensus, but some areas are subject to disagreements and absence of communication; these are associated with historiographical schools that interpret conflicting models of history differently to fit their evidence. The reasons for this underdetermination of historiography by evidence needs to be investigated further.