SEGMENTAL CROSS-SPECTRUM AS A NEW TECHNIQUE IN SITE RESPONSE ESTIMATION USING SPECTRAL RATIO ANALYSIS

Different aspects of spectral analysis for site response evaluation are investigated in this study. The segmental cross-spectrum is proposed in spectral analysis of earthquake ground motions. The performance of segmental cross-spectrum in contrast with the conventional methods is investigated through the mathematical modelling, numerical analysis and application to earthquake data recorded at Chiba and Shinfuji downhole arrays in Japan. In analysis of earthquake data, the soil amplification function is identified using both uphole/downhole (U/D) and H/V spectral ratios. The advantage of seg-mental cross-spectrum is assessed by comparing identified amplification functions using different spectral methods and theoretical soil response. The reliability of site response estimations obtained by H/V spectral ratio using segmental cross- and Fourier spectra is also examined by means of cross-validation with the U/D spectral ratio of earthquake motion and theoretical soil response. Furthermore, the application of segmental cross-spectrum in nonlinear soil response is examined by comparing the amplification function of weak and strong motions for both methods. The results validate the advantage of segmental cross-spectrum in both linear and nonlinear soil response, particularly, when it used with H/V technique.     

ON THE RESOLUTION OF H/V MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE SEDIMENT THICKNESS,A CASE STUDY ACROSS A NORMAL FAULT IN THE LOWER RHINE EMBAYMENT,GERMANY

In recent years, H/V measurements have been increasingly used to map the thickness of sediment fill in sedimentary basins in the context of seismic hazard assessment. This parameter is believed to be an important proxy for the site effects in sedimentary basins (e.g. in the Los Angeles basin). Here we present the results of a test using this approach across an active normal fault in a structurally well known situation. Measurements on a 50 km long profile with 1 km station spacing clearly show a change in the frequency of the fundamental peak of H/V ratios with increasing thickness of the sediment layer in the eastern part of the Lower Rhine Embayment. Subsequently, a section of 10 km length across the Erft-Sprung system, a normal fault with ca. 750 m vertical offset, was measured with a station distance of 100 m. Frequencies of the first and second peaks and the first trough in the H/V spectra are used in a simple resonance model to estimate depths of the bedrock. While the frequency of the first peak shows a large scatter for sediment depths larger than ca. 500 m, the frequency of the first trough follows the changing thickness of the sediments across the fault. The lateral resolution is in the range of the station distance of 100 m. A power law for the depth dependence of the S-wave velocity derived from down hole measurements in an earlier study [Budny, 1984] and power laws inverted from dispersion analysis of micro array measurements [Scherbaum et aL, 2002] agree with the results from the H/V ratios of this study.     

Evidence of early tobacco in Northeastern North America?

While tobacco use was a widespread and important social practice among Native Americans during the Historic Period, the prehistoric origins of the practice are poorly understood. Smoking pipes significantly predate botanical evidence of tobacco in Eastern North America. A promising technique for addressing this problem is gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis to identify nicotine or related compounds in smoking pipe residues. GC/MS analysis of a smoking pipe dating to approximately 300 B.C. from the Boucher Site, a Middlesex-complex site from Vermont, has produced evidence of nicotine decay products. This is interpreted as evidence for an Early Woodland Period origin for tobacco use in Eastern North America. The cultural and chronological implications of this finding are discussed.     

QUICK ESTIMATES OF SOFT SEDIMENT THICKNESSES FROM AMBIENT NOISE HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL SPECTRAL RATIOS: A CASE STUDY IN SOUTHERN ITALY

An approach devoted to quickly assess the thickness of soft sedimentary cover in areas of unknown subsurface morphology is applied in this study. In particular, soil thickness (h) is derived by combining estimates of the resonance frequency (f _r ) relative to soft sediments with the local shear-wave velocity (V_s) profile. For this purpose, (f _r ) values are assessed from horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios of seismic noise recordings and the (V _s ) profile is obtained by considering information from shallow seismic surveys. Results obtained for a Quaternary sedimentary basin in Southern Italy are discussed. Since in the investigated area only weak independent constraints are available, special emphasis is given to the assessment of uncertainties involved in this estimate of soil thickness.     

从张四墩遗址看薛家岗文化的去向

采用ICP等离子体发射光谱方法,测试分析了安徽张四墩遗址和薛家岗遗址出土陶器的微量元素,并运用热膨胀法测定了低温古陶器的烧成温度。在此基础上,结合考古发掘资料,将测试数据作多元统计分析,系统讨论了张四墩遗址不同文化风格古陶的矿料来源,并探讨了张四墩遗址与薛家岗遗址陶器的产地、渊源的关系和制陶工艺方面烧成温度的变化关系,研究结果表明:张四墩遗址反映的文化是一种多元性的文化。一方面,它承继了本地薛家岗文化的部分因素,另一方面,受到东部的良渚文化,特别是北方大汶口文化的强烈影响。     

EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS BY MEANS OF H/V SPECTRAL RATIOS AT THE LOCATIONS OF STRONG MOTION ACCELEROMETERS IN ISRAEL

Acceleration data from local and regional earthquakes is of prime importance in evaluating the seismic hazard. Consequently, strong motion accelerometers are currently installed at more than 60 locations in Israel. We have explored the possibility of site amplification effects at 10 sites where local earthquakes triggered strong motion accelerometers by integrating empirical and analytical estimations. Implementing H/V spectral ratio techniques using 15 accelerograms from nine earthquakes, 105 seismograms shear-wave records of 35 local and regional earthquakes and seismograms of microtremors were used in the empirical evaluations. The subsurface models were constructed by integrating available geological and geophysical information at the analysed site with empirically evaluated site response functions. Amplification effects of factor 3-6 are observed at various frequencies in the 0.8-6.0 Hz band. Through the analysis process it became evident that the instant availability of many useful time windows of microtremors provides systematic estimations of the fundamental resonance frequency of each site and their associated amplification levels, which are similar to those obtained from H/V spectral ratios of seismograms and accelerograms and to those inferred from the subsurface geology. Analytical transfer functions should be reviewed with respect to empirical site response evaluations. Estimations that are based on only one approach may be totally misleading.     

河南三门峡市庙底沟遗址仰韶文化H9发掘简报

2002年,河南省文物考古研究所等对庙底沟遗址进行了抢救性发掘,H9是这次发掘中较为重要的遗迹之一。H9结构规整,出土遗物丰富,主要是陶器,另有少量石器和骨器,并有石块和兽骨等。H9的发掘,对研究庙底沟类型文化具有重要意义,对探讨此类遗迹的性质具有科学价值。     

Applying the H/V Method to Dense Cities. A Case Study of Valencia City

The aim of this study was to apply Nakamura's technique to Valencia city center, after some preliminary tests in Barcelona. Previous studies of Barcelona had measured periods in restrictive conditions and in various types of material ranging from very soft soil (with a predominant period of approximately 2 s) to rock (0.3 s), and under different measurement conditions. The Valencia city center measurements were taken by using the distance from buildings and car and pedestrian traffic to construct a measurement grid that was as regular as possible. We also estimated possible soil-structure interaction to detect potential vulnerability.     

河北徐水东黑山遗址出土铁器的实验研究

本文对河北徐水东黑山遗址出土的66件战国至唐宋时期铁器样品进行了碳十四年代测定、金相组织观察和夹杂物成分分析,认为该遗址内出土的铁器制作年代集中于战国两汉时期,铁器的材质全为生铁和生铁制钢产品．采用了铸造、退火、炒钢、淬火以及可能存在的灌钢等工艺,同时该地区至少在汉代已能根据不同的材质和工艺制作不同的器物．本研究为深入认识战国两汉时期太行山东麓北段的钢铁技术提供了新的科学材料。     

陶寺遗址出土泥质陶器的中子活化分析与研究

本文采用中子活化分析技术对陶寺遗址出土的74件泥质陶器样品进行了分析研究,结果显示出土于遗址不同功能区的泥质陶器在原材料的使用或制作工艺上存在差异性,这或许表明了不同阶层的人所使用的泥质陶器也是有差别的,已经有了贫富贵贱之分。     

斗鸡台瓦鬲形制分析方法的再研究

苏秉琦先生对斗鸡台瓦鬲形制的分析,学术界公认为是中国考古学早期类型学研究的经典之作。然而这些方法在处理大批量样本时,有些并不十分实用。在本文中,作者认为考古类型学研究应该进行量化改进。基于这种认识,作者运用了相关分析和两步聚类法等统计学方法探讨了斗鸡台瓦鬲的形制,并修正了过去的一些方法和结论。     

青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址孢粉分析与人类活动研究——化石和现代表土花粉分析结果

采用相差分析方法,区分出禾本科植物中的农作物花粉;通过对青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址文化层和丰台村周围现代表土样品的孢粉分析,发现孢粉组合中有农作物花粉,反映人类农耕活动对聚落及其周围孢粉组合有明显的影响;文化层样品的孢粉组合显示,卡约文化早期阶段,禾本科植物花粉明显多于晚期阶段,可能反映了卡约文化时期(约公元前1200-800年)农业在社会经济中地位逐步下降的过程;孢粉组合还显示,与现代丰台村相比,卡约文化时期,聚落周围有更多的禾本科植物生长,人类可利用的植物资源比现代丰富。研究结果将有助于综合研究西北地区青铜时代环境与人类文化的关系。     

甘肃秦安大地湾遗址出土白色块状颜料成分分析

渭河流域的大地湾文化诞生了迄今为止我国最早的一批彩陶,彩陶的制作不但反映了当时人们认识自然、利用自然的程度,也反映了大地湾先民的精神世界。为了了解大地湾先民对彩陶白色颜料的认识情况,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(RTIR)、热分析(TG-DSC)方法,分析了大地湾遗址出土4块白(浅)色块状颜料的化学组成、物相组成、热性能。结果发现,白色块状颜料主要分为两类:一类是碳酸盐类,QD1(大地湾二期)和QD2(大地湾四期)主要含有石英、白云石、白云母、绿泥石等;另一类是铝硅酸盐黏土矿类,其中,QD3(大地湾四期)白色部分主要含有石英、无定型的高铝硅酸盐(可能为偏高岭石和钾长石)、方石英、莫来石、钛铁矿等,红色部分为赤铁矿小颗粒,样品表面有碳酸钙沉积,而QD4(具体分期不详)主要含有石英、白云母、钠长石、高岭石等,样品表面有碳酸钙沉积。研究结果可为探讨大地湾先民对彩陶颜料原料的处理、加工情况,制陶工艺水平提供数据支撑。     

辽中京遗址采集细白瓷的成分分析及年代问题研究

为合理编制《辽中京遗址保护规划》,规划课题组对辽中京的历史沿革和遗址遗存进行了全面的调查、研究和评估。为此,采用能量色散X射线荧光(EDXRF)分析方法,对采集自内蒙古宁城县辽中京遗址的细白瓷进行了主量元素测定。所测数据与定窑、龙泉务窑细白瓷文献数据进行比较。统计显示所采细白瓷中67%落在定窑五代至北宋产品主成分区域内,说明遗址内细白瓷主要为辽代遗存,多产自北宋的定窑,充分反映了宋辽之间的密切交流。结合科技分析结果,推断城址内部分夯土遗存可以早至辽代晚期或金初。研究结果有助于确定辽中京遗址的辽代遗存,为保护规划的编制提供了科学依据。     

The triangular model as an instrument for visualising and analysing residuality

Over the last thirty years, residuality has developed into a major research topic in archaeology. In these studies, several ways of visualising residuality have been proposed, facilitating the analyses of archaeological contexts. These all started from linear temporal concepts, though. In the present article, a new approach is proposed, which makes use of an extra dimension. This enables the inclusion of extra variables and, hence, a more balanced analysis of the contexts through their graphic representations. Archaeological contexts from recent excavations in Carthage are used to illustrate the potentials of the model and its application in the archaeological practise.     

荥阳官庄遗址制陶作坊出土陶泥陶坯的科学分析

河南省荥阳官庄遗址发现了用于制陶的粘土原料以及未烧制的陶坯,这为研究西周中期以后中原制陶技术提供了不可多得的研究资料。为此,本研究利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射分析仪分析了部分原料和陶坯,并使用马弗炉对其中的陶泥进行了烧制实验。结果发现,官庄遗址的制陶原料含铁量较高,烧制过程中析出磁铁矿等铁类矿物,且烧成陶色偏深;此外,制陶原料和同期陶片之间物相的趋同性和化学成分的聚类性,显示陶器本地生产的特性。研究结果为研究西周晚期至春秋早期时期制陶技术提供了基础材料。     

Accessing Hunter-Gatherer site structures using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: applications at a Taltheilei settlement in the Canadian Sub-Arctic

The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on soils and caribou bone from a Taltheilei culture settlement in northern Canada contribute to developing micro-archaeological approaches suitable for locating and characterizing hearth and midden features on hunter-gatherer sites. A weak yet pervasive signal for montgomeryite was developed from the diagenesis of dispersed ash and caribou processing residues. Disordered calcite, carbonate hydroxylapatite, charcoal, and burned bone in two pit-house hearth deposits indicate that both wood and bone were used for fuel. Crystallinity indices and carbonate/phosphate ratios for bone indicate high intensity burning. These data, in tandem with the presence of semi-subterranean dwellings, demonstrate that this particular tundra-based encampment was occupied during cold seasons, a type of settlement behaviour previously unrecognized in the Taltheilei archaeological record. Our results confirm that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an accessible, rapid, and cost effective means of discovering micro-archaeological evidence valuable for reconstructing hunter-gatherer site structures.