The Multiple Roots of Party Loyalty: Explaining Republican Dissent in the U.S. House of Representatives

Why does any member of Congress choose to be loyal to one's party? The conventional wisdom is that party loyalty stems from constituent expectations, electoral concerns, or a lawmaker's ideological beliefs. However, this neglects two other, less-instrumental reasons for sticking with a political party: partisan identity and personal connections with party leaders. I test these alternative theories as well as conventional ones on a set of key moments in the 113th Congress (2013–2014) when rebellion against House Republican leadership by the rank-and-file was especially noteworthy. The results provide some support for both the party identity and personal connection hypotheses. They also indicate that although constituency characteristics help predict the likelihood of dissent from GOP leaders, there is little evidence for the electoral hypothesis, while cross-cutting ideological preferences as well as preferences along the traditional left-right spectrum prove statistically significant. In short, evidence reveals both personal and instrumental roots of party loyalty in Congress.     

Estimation of the Production Parameters of Very Large Medieval Bricks from St. Urban,Switzerland

The aim of the present study is to determine the production technology of a particular type of large medieval brick. The firing temperature and their soak times are estimated using a combination of colour and fabric, as well as mineralogical, microstructural and open porosity analysis. A replication experiment was carried out in order to validate the estimated predictions, and to give a realistic idea of the time needed to dry and fire each large brick. The experiment also suggests the temperature distribution and firing atmosphere in the kiln, as well as providing an estimate of fuel consumption. Analytical results and replication both provide information to assess the production technology, the time parameters and the firing temperatures involved in the production of the medieval bricks of St. Urban.     

J.T. Jutson and the Work of the Wind in Shaping the Landscape

For a brief period about a century ago, reputable scientists gave credence to the idea that wind was capable of regional planation. Among them was J.T. Jutson, whose publications exerted considerable influence both in Australia and overseas. He differentiated between deflation and corrasion (sand‐blasting) and in 1914 attributed major as well as minor landscape features to their activity. He ascribed the westward migration of salinas and the shaping of associated rock platforms to the wind as well as to the extension of valleys that were incised into the lateritised Old Plateau and that coalesced to form the New Plateau of Western Australia. But local and overseas colleagues drew his attention to the primacy of rivers in shaping even desert landscapes, and by 1934 Jutson had realised that running water was almost solely responsible for the New Plateau.     

秦俑二号坑出土一件彩绘跪射俑的保护修复

本研究针对秦俑二号坑出土的一件彩绘跪射俑进行了保护修复,是在考古出土现场保存状况、文物病害及病害机理科学分析的基础上进行的现场保护与实验室保护修复。现场保护重在稳定文物状态和应急处理;实验室保护则依据文物保护程序进行保护修复,在进行文物表面清理工作后,使用AC33(丙烯酸乳液)及PEG200(聚乙二醇)加固彩绘层,使用环氧树脂对陶俑进行了粘接修复,收到了良好的效果。此彩绘陶俑的保护修复工作可为以后大型彩绘文物的保护修复提供参考和借鉴。     

铜片除锈强度考察与缓蚀效果分析

在青铜器除锈过程中,既要除去有害锈及其他杂质,又不损伤青铜器原貌,这就需要掌握一定的度。本研究用失重法定量地考察了不同除锈法和不同除锈剂对铜钱的除锈强度。结果表明,物理除锈法与化学除锈法均有明显的失重率。化学除锈中,5%左右的冰醋酸有较高的除锈强度。采用不同组合的BTA缓蚀剂对铜片进行保护,通过Tafel曲线分析其保护效果,以1.5%浓度的BTA与2%H_2O_2的组合液缓蚀效果明显。经盐雾腐蚀试验对此结论进行了验证。     

矿化溶液浸泡-气体扩散法加固骨质文物

本研究探讨了以钙源、磷酸盐源、胶原蛋白矿化溶液浸泡—气体扩散多循环法加固古代骨骼材料的工艺方法，并利用超景深显微镜、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和色度分析法、抗压强度试验等方法研究了保护效果。结果表明，利用该工艺处理后的生物磷灰石骨骼具有加固材料成分和骨质本体一致，原位合成且深入到骨质内部等特点，克服了有机聚合物及其他矿物材料简单物理充填的一些弊端，且处理过程简单、效率高、外观改变小，能满足对脆弱骨质文物、人骨及其他动物骨骼的加固保护需求。     

Protective Structures for the Preservation of Medieval Buildings and their Remains: Case Studies from Monastery Hilandar and Mount Athos

The objective of this study is to establish a methodology for temporary protective structures, that is, the guidelines for planning, design, and implementation of future protective structures. The basic method of this paper was the observation and analyses of temporary protective structures as well as the evaluation of the results achieved in implementation of these rules in completed structures, within the Hilandar Monastery complex on Mount Athos, in Greece. Mount Athos was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its cultural and natural values. The Holy Mount Athos is a unique monastic complex in the world and only males are allowed past the entrance. Having performed the evaluation of certain types of temporary protective structures, the given results were offered as recommendation for their design and implementation. The most significant accomplishment of this paper is verification of the designed, calculated, and completed protective structures through practical application within the Hilandar Monastery complex, in accordance with all the factors of site management.     

Investigations in the U.S.S.R. of non-linear phenomena in the ionosphere

Investigations of non-linear ionospheric phenomena in the U.S.S.R. are reviewed. The facilities available and some non-linear phenomena first observed with these facilities are described. Among these are strong heating and non-linear absorption in lower parts of the ionosphere, self-modulation caused by intense Langmuir oscillations, the modulation of the auroral electrojet at VLF, stimulated ionization in the F-region, self-focusing effects at oblique incidence as well as many theoretical investigations of non-linear phenomena.     

Analysis of the connections between solar wind parameters and day-side geomagnetic pulsations based on data from the observatories Nagycenk (Hungary) and Uzur (U.S.S.R.)

A comparison is made of results obtained at two widely separated observatories, Nagycenk in Hungary and Uzur in Soviet Siberia (both at geomagnetic latitude 48°) and the connection is studied between pulsation parameters and parameters of the interplanetary medium. It is concluded that, in spite of differences in recording and processing, the results are similar and confirm earlier suppositions about these connections. Hypotheses about the location of the excitation clearly favour the pre-shock interplanetary medium with reflected protons counterstreaming to the solar wind. Propagation through the shock wave and the magnetopause, as well as infra-magnetospheric propagation, may later alter certain parameters of the pulsations.     

南唐二陵壁画历史保护修复材料的分析

为了确定南唐二陵壁画已有保护修复材料的种类,使用多光谱摄影技术分别对钦陵和顺陵壁画保护修复材料的分布区域进行探查,在紫外荧光图像中确定了保护修复材料的位置,通过红外光谱和热裂解-气质联用技术对材料进行了成分分析。结果表明二陵壁画所使用的保护修复材料主要为苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物和聚醋酸乙烯酯,还发现少量多糖类物质,为调和地仗石灰层所使用的糯米汁。该研究表明通过多光谱摄影技术提供线索,使用红外光谱、热裂解-气质联用确定成分是一种可靠的墓葬壁画保护修复材料分析方法体系,为墓葬壁画保护修复材料的鉴别提供借鉴,也为保护修复材料在墓葬壁画中的应用效果评价和劣化机理研究提供参考。     

W. W. deLacy's 1865 map of the territory of Montana

Abstract

The Topographical Survey of the Orange Free State, executed by the British War Office between 1905 and 1911, was not only one of the first but also one of the finest topographical surveys to be undertaken in British colonial Africa. The motivation for this undertaking stemmed from three sources: the personal interest of Sir David Gill (H.M. Astronomer at the Cape) in the measurement of the arc of the 30th meridian; Britain's imperialistic intervention in South Africa which resulted in the South African War (1899–1902) against the Boer Republics and which stressed the need for reliable military maps for warfare as well as for the general defence of the new colonies; and the need for accurate maps for purposes of colonial administration and land tenure. The survey took five and a half years to complete, and the 1: 125,000 series (G.S.G.S. 2230) that was compiled represented the only accurate maps of this part of the continent for almost seven decades.     

Using 3D scanning in the investigation of Upper Palaeolithic engravings: first results of a pilot study

This paper deals with the reinvestigation of selected engravings on slate plaquettes from the Late Upper Palaeolithic site of Gönnersdorf, Germany, by applying new 3D scanning methods for the first time. The aim of this method is to obtain further information about stylistic aspects of the depictions as well as to identify an inner chronology and interrelationship of the lines. In addition new options of 3D photography are tested as a further visual support of investigation and documentation. Previously analyses were subjective whereas the new interpretation uses impartial metric methods. In the future the more objective results will allow the comparison of engravings and their details, with the aim of discerning different artists as well as obtaining a better understanding of the art of former hunter- gatherer societies.     

RECENT AND PROSPECTIVE POPULATION GROWTH IN THE U.S.S.R.: 1979-2025

This report presents the results and assumptions of a set of projections of the population of the USSR, 1979-2025. Trends in population size and age-sex composition as well as fertility, mortality, and emigration are discussed. The detailed projection methodology is described in Kingkade (1987). The projections show that the population of the USSR will grow throughout the period to 2025. The working age population will grow very slowly for at least the next 10 years, and will not recapture the rapid growth experienced in the 1970s. The pension-age population will double in size between 1980 and 2025.     

试论古建筑木构架类型在历史演进中的关系

文章对现有的理论模式进行反思, 对中国古建筑木构架的几种类型的在历史演进中的关系提出了假说: 从干栏式到地面的穿斗式是木构架自然的发展序列, 具有普遍性。官式建筑的产生和秦汉以来高等级建筑采用井干式与多层木楼阁有关, 并受到穿斗式的影响。抬梁式是官式建筑发展的结果并反过来影响了南北方的民间建筑。     

Non-homogeneous structure of neutral winds in the lower thermosphere during the MAC/EPSILON campaign

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the height variations of dynamic processes in the 80–110 km height region, carried out in Kazan, U.S.S.R. (56°N, 49°E) by the radiometeor method during the MAC/EPSILON campaign. Experimental results show that the largest values of vertical wind gradients, as well as zonal and meridional temperature gradients can be found at heights of ~ 83 km. At heights of 80 ⩽ h ⩽ 100 km, we can observe energy absorption of IGW and tides which are the major sources of turbulent energy in the above-mentioned height interval. Using the effects of IGW energy absorption, values of the turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient K_l ranging from 1600 to 4400 m²/s were calculated for October 1987. The energy dissipation rate ϵ was estimated to be from 0.1 to 0.4 W/kg.     

梁启超《过渡时代论》与当代"过渡期历史观"的构造

对梁启超历史观的评价一般有两种意见,一种观点认为梁启超是中国现代史学的开创者,其主要贡献是把中国历史纳入到世界史的解释框架之内,用线性的因果关系替代了王朝更替的历史观。另一种观点认为梁启超从欧洲归来后完全放弃了他所倡导的“进步史观”,而成为了一个文化保守主义者。实际上,梁启超所采取的是一种过渡期的历史观,这种历史观既强调历史的进步是不可阻挡的一种趋势,又主张解释历史不能仅仅依赖于纯粹科学方法,而尚需运用直觉的手段,同时他又强调文化积淀而不仅仅是物质更新在文明演进中的作用,这样的阐释方法使我们有可能超越西方历史观对我们思维的长期制约,也可避免“现代”与“后现代”两种极端解释取向所造成的偏颇后果。     

Crete as warriorhood: Visual explorations of social imaginaries in ‘crisis’ (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

This paper explores contemporary Greek political praxis and social imagination through the study of Crete's position in engagements with the “crisis”. The essay employs the visual as an object and a method of analysis and examines a series of social spheres ranging from public protesting to televisual representation. The paper explores the cultural productivity of notions of native resistance in the current context as well as Cretan responses to the use of traditionalist idioms within the “crisis”.     

I.m. Sechenov: the patriarch of Russian physiology

Using quotations from Russian (e.g., Mechnikov and Pavlov) and western European (e.g., Ludwig) sources of his friends and colleagues, as well as from his autobiography, this paper describes the life and personality of Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905), who became well known because of his central inhibition theory (1862). He trained in several European centers, including Vienna, were he worked with Carl Ludwig (1816-1895), with whom he corresponded for several decades.     

Modelling of the electron density profile in the lowest part of ionosphere D-region on the basis of radiowave absorption data: 1. Theoretical model

A simplified full-wave method adapted to the propagation of very obliquely incident LF radio waves is developed. For a selected ionosphere model the wave-field structure is calculated inside a horizontally stratified ionosphere and the peculiarities of the reflected field are clearly described. The penetration of the investigated radio waves in the lower ionosphere at noon-time is found to be restricted to a layer several wavelengths thick. The reflected wave is created entirely by the mechanism of partial reflections and the region responsible for its formation is usually below 70 km. The influence of some typical parameters of the electron density profile, as well as the atmospheric pressure and temperature, on the attenuation of the investigated radio waves is demonstrated. It is also found that the reflection at very oblique incidence depends mainly on the height of the bottom of the ionosphere.