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1.
In recent years, the concept of ‘animism’ has gained considerable popularity among archaeologists in exploring non-Western
expressions of material culture. This development has also influenced recent academic approaches towards the study of ‘rock-art’
of people living as hunter and gatherers or in a hunting and gathering tradition. We argue here that attempts in this direction
so far are generally compromised, because they fail to take Indigenous philosophies and intellectual contributions seriously.
Any concern with Indigenous material expressions, including so-called rock-art, has to involve a critical re-assessment of
academic discourse itself and a challenge to the primacy of Western scientific and literary, academic methodologies. With
reference to the ‘rock-art’ and the world-view of the Ngarinyin (Kimberley, Northwest Australia), we present some preliminary
thoughts for the development of an alternative interpretative framework, while offering a (much needed) legitimacy to another
more balanced epistemology. 相似文献
2.
Alice Yao 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2010,18(3):203-239
Archaeology of ancient China’s periphery has traditionally been examined through the historiographic lens of Chinese textual
sources. Social developments in the periphery are often explained in relation to accounts of migration from “core” regions
of China. Setting conventional paradigms and textual sources aside, this article examines prehistoric developments in southwestern
China in conjunction with broader trends in Southeast Asia. This comparative approach reveals that the development of bronze
metallurgy in southwestern China parallels trends observed among Neolithic communities in Southeast Asia. Using recent data
and a reassessment of radiocarbon dates for the Bronze Age, I propose that sociopolitical complexity emerged in southwestern
China as part of a multiregional phenomenon that had its beginning with the formalization of trade networks during the Neolithic
period. 相似文献
3.
Christopher Peter Thornton 《Journal of World Prehistory》2009,22(3):301-327
Models for the development of metallurgy in Southwest Asia have for a long time been focussed on research carried out in the
lowland regions of the Levant and Mesopotamia. These models do not take into account the different developmental trajectories
witnessed in the resource-rich highlands of Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iran. In this paper, the beginnings of the use and
production of metals in Iran will be juxtaposed with a cursory overview of the lowland model (the ‘Levantine Paradigm’) in
order to highlight these differences. By synthesizing data from a number of current research projects exploring the early
metallurgy of the Iranian Plateau, this paper demonstrates how at least one of the highland regions of Southwest Asia was
at the very forefront of technological innovation from the seventh through the second millennium BC.
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4.
David W. Phillipson 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):257-274
An overview is offered of the development of research—both archaeological and epigraphic—on the inhabitants of the northern
Horn during the first millennium bc. Initially, reconstructions of this period placed considerable emphasis on links with southern Arabia and tended to group
those into a single cultural category that was designated ‘Pre-Aksumite’. It is now argued that long-distance contacts were
much less pervasive, being largely restricted to the élite, and that other aspects of life—including much material culture
and subsistence economy—displayed strong local continuity from earlier times. Similarly, it is argued that interpretation
of the epigraphic evidence as indicating a single ‘Pre-Aksumite’ state called D'MT is unjustified. 相似文献
5.
Rodolfo Fattovich 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):275-290
Yeha, in Tigray, is the most impressive site with evidence for South Arabian influence dating to the first millennium BC in
the northern Horn of Africa (Eritrea and northern Ethiopia). The evidence from this site was used to identify a ‘Pre-Aksumite’
or ‘Ethiopian-Sabean’ Period (mid-first millennium BC) when an early Afro-Arabian state apparently arose in the region. A
‘Pre-Aksumite Culture’, characterised by South Arabian elements, was also suggested as a distinctive archaeological culture
in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, recent fieldwork in these countries suggests that a Pre-Aksumite culture actually
did not exist and South Arabian features were restricted to a few sites, which were scattered in a mosaic of different archaeological
cultures in the first millennium BC. This hypothesis is tested through a comparison between the ceramics from Yeha and those
from Matara and other sites of the first millennium BC in Tigray and Eritrea. 相似文献
6.
Jim S. Dolwick 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(1):15-41
This paper examines the concept of the ‘social,’ particularly from an archaeological perspective, and explores how it relates
to the ways in which we seek to understand the processes of technological innovation and change. It is demonstrated that the
concept ‘social’ is far from well defined and that enquiry is bedevilled by artificial polarization between subject-centred
approaches and object-centred particularism. Through the medium of early United States steamboat technology a different approach
is forged through the melding of people and things with the idea of viewing artefacts as active social actors along with people. Ultimately, it is argued that maritime archaeologists should be more bullish in their approaches
to material things—instead of adopting social theories ‘wholesale,’ we should insist that they include the things we study: boats, material objects, people, artefacts, landscapes and animals. 相似文献
7.
Richard Mackay Justin McCarthy Andrew Sneddon Graham Wilson 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(4):299-310
In 2002 Melbourne’s Casselden Place excavation provided a window into the urban past opened by an innovative relationship between the development industry, heritage consultancy and La Trobe University. The project demonstrated that with the support of consent authorities and the co-operation of the development industry, collaborations between the academic world and heritage consultants could be highly successful. The Casselden Place Project made a significant contribution to the ‘slum debate’ in Australia and delivered an enhanced understanding of the cultural, social and scientific significance of an inner-city block, and shed new light on a notorious chapter in the city’s history. 相似文献
8.
Paul Widmer 《Indo-Iranian Journal》2007,50(3):215-228
Young Avestan nāuuiia-, Old Persian nāviyā, Sanskrit nāvyà-, all descending from Indo-Iranian *nāu̯ii̯a-, are usually glossed by ‘passable (only) by boat, not to be crossed without the help of a boat’. A closer examination of
the contexts they occur in reveals that the meaning ‘streaming, raging’ is much more appropriate. In consequence, *nāu̯ii̯a- can not be a secondary derivative of Indo-Iranian *nāu̯- ‘ship, boat’, which is improbable for other reasons as well. It is suggested that *nāu̯ii̯a- rather represents a primary formation derived from the Indo-Iranian root *nāu̯- ‘to flow’.
相似文献
9.
Ioannis Liritzis 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):292-302
Daylight radiation resets luminescence ‘clock’ to zero on rock surfaces, but transmission depends on the transparency of the
rock. On burial, surfaces are no longer exposed to daylight and accumulation of trapped electrons takes place till the excavation.
This reduction of luminescence as a function of depth fulfils the prerequisite criterion of daylight bleaching. Thus rock
artefacts and monuments follow similar bleaching rationale as those for sediments. In limestone and marble, daylight can reach
depths of 0.5–1 mm and up to 16 mm respectively, while for other igneous rocks e.g. quartz in granites, partial bleaching
occurs up to 5mm depth under several hours of daylight exposures and almost complete beaching is achieved in the first 1 mm
within about 1 min daylight exposure. The ‘quartz technique’ for limestone monuments containing traces of quartz enables their
dating with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) techniques. The surface luminescence (thermoluminescence, TL or OSL) dating
has been developed and further refined on various aspects of equivalent dose determination, complex radiation geometry, incomplete
bleaching etc. A historical review of the development including important applications, along with some methodological aspects
are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Mark Staniforth 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(2):93-102
Maritime archaeology is a multi-faceted discipline that requires both theoretical learning and practical skills training.
In the past most universities have approached the teaching of maritime archaeology as a full-time on-campus activity designed
for ‘traditional’ graduate students; primarily those in their early twenties who have recently come from full-time undergraduate
study and who are able to study on-campus. The needs of mature-age and other students who work and live in different places
(or countries) and therefore cannot attend lectures on a regular basis (or at all) have largely been ignored. This paper provides
a case study in the teaching of maritime archaeology from Australia that, in addition to ‘traditional’ on-campus teaching,
includes four main components: (1) learning field methods through field schools; (2) skills training through the AIMA/NAS
avocational training program; (3) distance learning topics available through CD-ROM and using the Internet; and (4) practicums,
internships and fellowships. The author argues that programs to teach maritime archaeology in the twenty first century need
to be flexible and to address the diverse needs of students who do not fit the ‘traditional’ model. This involves collaborative
partnerships with other universities as well as government underwater cultural heritage management agencies and museums, primarily
through field schools, practicums and internships. 相似文献
11.
The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models
of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial
power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures
of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the
self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme.
The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that
is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are
antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China
and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the
state.
__________
Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1 相似文献
12.
Alexandra Hofm?nner 《Archaeologies》2011,7(1):300-306
The Matthew and Matilda Effects in science were coined in 1968 (Robert K. Merton) and in 1993 (Margaret W. Rossiter) respectively,
as tools to analyse the reward systems of science. By proposing the African Eve Effect in science as a third effect, the original
scope for analysis of these systems is broadened from the social structure of science to the anthropological dimension of
science. Similarly, the ‘psychosocial processes’ that were considered as affecting the reward systems (Merton, Science 159:56–63,
1968) are extended to include discursive practices. The African Eve Effect refers to the scientific notion of the ‘African Eve’
(or mitochondrial (mtDNA) Eve), a concept put forward by scientists to designate the genetic mother of all modern humans.
Three discursive conventions constitute the African Eve Effect and together shape patterns of the distribution of recognition
for scientific work: projecting imaginative geographies of otherness onto the frontiers of science; collecting, transporting
and enframing material and ideas according to a Western epistemological order; and ‘evolutionising’ nature and the human in
science. The objective of this paper is to specify and illustrate an experimental tool for analysing the entanglement of the
reward system in science with culturally fashioned imaginaries and agendas. 相似文献
13.
The Mythical Moderns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert G. Bednarik 《Journal of World Prehistory》2008,21(2):85-102
Based on the most current information available on the Late Pleistocene palaeoanthropology of Europe, this paper presents
a revolutionary reassessment of the dominant models. The notions of an introduction of African technologies and the full replacement
of resident robust hominins are rejected. It is demonstrated that there exists no evidence that any of the Early Upper Palaeolithic
tool traditions, including the Aurignacian, were by ‘anatomically modern humans’. The introduction of hominin gracility, in
Europe and in three other continents, occurred gradually, over a period of several tens of millennia. What were replaced were
not entire continental populations, but robust genes in humans, through genetic drift, introgression and cultural selection
of gracile traits, initially in the females. Therefore ‘anatomically modern humans’, which were preceded by cognitive modernity,
are the result primarily of incidental selective breeding. 相似文献
14.
Christopher Daniell 《Archaeologies》2011,7(2):454-476
Graffiti is a commonplace in the modern world but it is easy to project the concept of illegal graffiti into the past. Writing
on walls in previous historical periods is discussed and as most was not illegal the concept of ‘calliglyphs’ is introduced
to allow historic writing or drawings on walls or objects to be studied in context. The article then proposes the word ‘marker’
as a concept to define wider forms of personal expression and the human imprint in the late twentieth/early twenty-first century
landscapes. A framework for markers is outlined based upon the concepts of permission and tolerance. 相似文献
15.
Modern China was an intense period of “body rebuilding.” Within the field of body history in China, the modern Chinese history
has been rediscovered and reinterpreted from the view of “body.” In this paper, the author attempts to explore the movement
of women’s haircutting in modern China and analyzes its social and political meaning from the view of body organ, gender,
politics and culture. The conclusion is that the women’s haircutting movement in modern China was involved in the pursuit
of state power, women’s rights, and political power in different levels. 相似文献
16.
Carl Olof Cederlund 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2011,6(1):5-35
This paper presents the text of a lecture first given in the series commemorating the work of Paul Johnstone. In the years
since it was given further material has been gathered and the issues it addresses are still current. The paper discusses how
we have constructed histories of the Scandinavian Iron Age, in particular the myth of the ‘Viking’, and how these are manipulated
and used in society today. It is argued that by not countering spurious histories assiduously enough, academia has effectively
subscribed to them and in some ways has actively contributed to their construction. This realisation should temper our future
research. 相似文献
17.
Meghan C. L. Howey 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):329-357
Copper kettles, in high demand among indigenous communities of the Northeast/Great Lakes, became prominent items in the exchange
repertoires of early Basque, French and Dutch traders. Kettles’ origin with these “Others” and its connection to a medium
(copper) that had held symbolic significance for millennia led them to be used in an indigenous ‘metaphorical’ value regime
influencing trade during the late sixteenth/early seventeenth century. An artisan living on the threshold of colonial encounter
in Northern Michigan between 1470 and 1660 CE—having seen European goods but not having access to them—harnessed the mimetic
faculty to make a small, miniature, ceramic imitation or skeuomorph of a European trade kettle. Rather than the sincerest
form of flattery, I suggest this imitation was made to acquire the power of the original to fend off the colonial danger and
to connect to this symbolic value regime. I suggest the “magic” of mimesis offered personal and organizational power in the
indigenous Northeast/Great Lakes during early contact. This specific case speaks more broadly to how mimesis can provide a
robust framework for exploring the material cultures of colonial encounter. 相似文献
18.
Qiliang He 《Frontiers of History in China》2011,6(4):505-524
This article investigates the distribution and consumption of Way Down East (directed by D. W. Griffith, 1920) in Chinese cities in the 1920s in an attempt to explore the impact of foreign films on
early Chinese filmmaking in particular and on Chinese society in general. Griffith’s Way Down East highlights a young woman’s trials and tribulations caused by male tyranny and deception. Such films by D. W. Griffith struck
a chord in China in the 1920s, when the concerns of women and the loss of family values after the May Fourth movement found
expression in film. The embracing of Way Down East in China, particularly among progressive intellectuals, indicates the existence of an anti-May Fourth conservatism. Chinese
intellectuals were inspired by Way Down East to deny Chinese women’s subjectivity as new women who could control their own destinies; such a denial thereby rejected romantic
love as a means of women’s emancipation and enlightenment. The intellectual class’s jettisoning of the rhetoric of “free love”
and free marriage and re-emphasizing family values in the 1920s were conducive to the Nationalist Party’s conservative agenda
to discipline individuals and Chinese society in the late 1920s and 1930s. Therefore, the “partification” of China during
the Nanjing Decade (1927–37) was a direct outgrowth of a conservative consensus that followed upon May Fourth. 相似文献
19.
Elena Zapassky Israel Finkelstein Itzhak Benenson 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2009,16(1):51-67
Studying the volume of ancient pottery vessels can shed light on the development of complex societies and state apparatus
by revealing the means taken to standardize trade and taxation. It can also shed light on the cognitive abilities of ancient
people by investigating their knowledge of computing. This paper explores, as a case study, the volume and shape of the lmlk (“belonging to the king”) royal storage jars, which probably represent the highest level of standardization in eighth century
BCE Judah. To estimate the volume of these vessels we constructed a computer 3D model for each jar. The variation in the jars’
linear dimensions is about 2–3%, a number that is characteristic of human-made objects produced by professionals without employing
measurement tools. Had the potters produced jars of the same height, they could have easily reached 3–4% accuracy in the volume.
Surprisingly, the variation in the jars’ volume is 7–10%. We hypothesize that rather than height the potters focused on the
jars’ shape and wall width, estimating the volume according to the jars’ outer measurements. We propose a simple way that
these measurements could have been taken and suggest a formula that could have been employed by the potters and customers
for quickly calculating a jar’s volume. 相似文献
20.
Julie Satchell 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(2):103-118
This paper examines the work of the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (HWTMA) in developing informal education
approaches and initiatives. It introduces the aims and ethos of the HWTMA which focuses on embedding education and learning
into all aspects of its work, before exploring ways in which its fieldwork and research programme are utilised to help deliver
a range of educational opportunities to a diverse range of groups and individuals. There is a review of the possibilities
for skill development through practical involvement which is illustrated with case study examples, followed by discussion
of broader approaches, including publications, talks and exhibits. This review underpins discussion of a recent project ‘Maritime
Archaeology Access and Learning Workshops’ which aimed to ‘educate the educators’, and has demonstrated the potential for
this approach to make a significant contribution to increasing the profile of maritime archaeology within informal learning
frameworks. The paper concludes by reviewing the experience of these regionally-based initiatives in relation to the expansion
of maritime archaeology within the UK and suggests ways that lessons learned could be drawn upon in the development of emerging
national approaches.
相似文献
Julie SatchellEmail: URL: www.hwtma.org.uk |