骑士制与观察历史的角度

从什么角度观察历史是史学研究的重要方法之一。骑士制度存在于西欧中世纪社会,它可作为我们观察历史问题的一个基点和角度,从而发现或重视一些问题,并关注西欧中世纪社会现象中的军事特征,以及这种特征与我国古代历史现象的明显区别。     

浅谈西欧中世纪骑士文化

在历史的长河中,一段历史的出现、发展、高潮直至衰落,都应该是与当时的生产力水平和社会发展水平紧密联系的。中世纪骑士的诞生和骑士制度的升华都对那时的生产力和社会发展起到了一定的促进作用。而骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神,它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神,但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素.在西方的文化传统中,中世纪的骑士精神对现代欧洲的民族性格的塑造起着极其重大的作用。因此中世纪的骑士和骑士精神是深厚的历史文化中不可缺少的一部分。     

中世纪骑士制度的起源

骑士在中世纪的欧洲占有十分重要的地位,是中世纪封建制度的重要组成部分,在相当长一段时间内,是西欧封建社会的主要武装力量。而骑士制度是怎样产生的,本文主要分日耳曼的亲兵制和尚武传统、欧洲混乱的社会现实、基督教的洗礼、骑士装备的优越性四个方面来探求中世纪骑士制度的起源问题。     

中世纪西欧骑士的典雅爱情

典雅爱情是反映中世纪骑士文化的一个重要主题 ,也是研究骑士所不容忽视的一个重要方面。约翰·赫伊津哈写道 :“这个阶级 (骑士阶级 )的智识观念和道德观念都保存在Ａｒｓａｍａｎｄｉ(爱情艺术 )中。没有哪个时代的文明理想和爱情理想融合到这种程度。”① 国内对西欧骑士制度的研究 ,大都从军事制度的角度入手 ,本文作为社会生活史研究的一个侧面 ,拟通过剖析典雅爱情的含义、起因及其影响 ,集中阐述中世纪的这一文化现象。一、典雅爱情的内涵从表面上看 ,典雅爱情应该是非常容易界定的一个概念 ,它是指 1 1世纪末以后 ,在西欧中世纪兴起…     

近几年国内中世纪骑士研究综述

西欧中世纪舞台上活跃着骑士的身影,这一阶层的产生、发展与盛衰贯穿了整个中世纪,他们在当时政治、经济、文化、军事、社会、科技及日常生活中都有着重要的影响。国外关于骑士群体及与之有关的制度、观念及文化的专著和论文有很多,而多年来进入国内学者研究范畴的只局限于骑士     

中世纪西欧的宗教禁欲主义及其历史影响

禁欲主义并非中世纪西欧特有的生活方式,但它以严密的神学体系的一个有机部分的形式出现,并最终发展成为强制的宗教独身制度,却是中世纪西欧以外的文明所难以望其项背的。本文对中世纪西欧宗教禁欲主义产生的哲学基础、社会基础和思想基础作了分析,对其演化历程作了探讨;在此基础上,着重分析了它的消极影响和积极意义,认为中世纪西欧宗教禁欲主义既引起了整个社会性道德的全面崩溃和极端纵欲主义的蔓延,同时也在客观上激发了新教思想,培植了近代资本主义的节俭、勤奋和敬业精神。     

30年来国内骑士研究述评

改革开放的30年,是我国世界史研究有史以来发展最快、成果最丰富的时期.在这30年中,西欧中世纪骑士研究由起步到全面发展,形成一道清晰的学术脉络,值得重视.纵观我国的西欧骑士研究,可按时间顺序大致分为三个阶段:20世纪80年代,提出并思考了一些基本问题;20世纪90年代,对一些问题做了初步探询;21世纪以来,展开了广泛的探讨.通过总结,我们既可看到国内骑士研究的基本状况,也能认识到未来发展的大体趋势.     

中世纪晚期“骑士精神”衰落原因探究

中世纪骑士身份的发展演变可分为三个阶段,即欧洲战场的骑兵、基督教会的战士和上流社会的绅士。随着骑士身份的转换,他们内蕴的骑士精神也必然经历着从孕育而生、成长蜕变到不断壮大的发展历程。但在历史环境的变迁下,曾对中世纪社会做出重大贡献的骑士精神也在逐步走向衰落。     

中世纪西欧骑士制度的内涵初探

中世纪西欧骑士制度作为一种形式化的制度,是指以军事采邑为基础、以骑士服役为表征、以基督教为指导思想、以中小封建主统治为本质的骑士阶层所特有的组织制度、法律规范、道德准则、生活习惯等诸多方面的总称,涉及制度层面的主要包括骑士军规、骑士法规、骑士礼仪等。     

谈当前史学研究中学术理路的转换——《西欧中世纪骑士的生活》读后

即便对于西方的史学界来说,中世纪西欧的历史无疑也是一个晦涩艰深的研究领域。而语言、信息乃至文化传统的限制,更为中国学者在这一领域的探讨设置了种种障碍,要撰写出一部学术专著乃至一篇象样的学术论文,非积多年之苦功而不可为。倪世光教授新近发表的《西欧中世纪骑士的生活》一著,从一个侧面反映我国学者在西欧封建社会史中的刻苦求索,理应引起史学界的关注。     

追寻西欧市场经济的中世纪起源——评徐浩著《中世纪西欧工商业研究》

徐浩著《中世纪西欧工商业研究》一书,旨在探讨中世纪中期开始西欧如何和为何逐步走上市场经济的道路。该书将社会转型问题从资本主义的起源转换为市场经济的兴起,在理论上充分吸收了经济学的历史经济学理论和经济社会史的商业化理论,着眼于中世纪西欧工商业史中一系列既独立又相互依托的重要专题,探讨中世纪西欧工商业存在和发展的特定历史环境、商业诸问题以及工业诸问题。该书的研究特色体现为对中世纪西欧作长时段的考察,关注普通民众的命运,研究方法上注重比较,主张对社会经济变化的原因作多视角的阐释。     

Western plague literature,the Irish Famine and Anthony Trollope’s Castle Richmond

This article places Castle Richmond, Anthony Trollope’s controversial Irish Famine novel, within the context of Western plague narratives as outlined by recent plague narrative scholars and by René Girard in his seminal 1974 essay “The Plague in Literature and Myth”. By demonstrating Castle Richmond’s conformity to a very particular cluster of attributes found in Western plague literature, this article helps expand our reading of Trollope’s novel, a work that is otherwise often seen as an incoherent failure. This article proposes that Trollope used Western plague discourse to structure and organise his response to Ireland’s Great Hunger. I contend here that we see in his novel’s construction the scaffolding of Judaic, Greco-Roman, Medieval and Renaissance plague narrative traditions, traditions that follow a predictable pattern of transgression, punishment, near social collapse, atonement achieved by expelling or sacrificing a scapegoat or scapegoats, followed by the restoration of an improved social order. This line of reasoning encapsulates Castle Richmond’s overt logical structure. Yet, this article goes on to argue that there are numerous ways in which Trollope undermines the logical “inevitability” and the “divine ordination” of the Famine which his use of Western plague discourse implies.     

"基督教国家"的理念和现实基础

基督教在由“出世”倾向朝“入世”倾向转变的过程中,提出了神权统治的思想体系。利用中世纪初期西欧政治秩序的混乱,基督教会凭借其经济、文化和社会势能,实现了其政治理念,把中世纪的欧洲锻造成一个单一的政治实体,即所谓的“基督教国家”。这个进程充分反映了宗教意识形态对人类文明发展的巨大影响。     

Book reviews

John Carey, King of Mysteries: Early Irish Religious Writings
John Hines, A New Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches
Lloyd and Jennifer Laing, Early English Art and Architecture
Anna Ritchie (ed), Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture
P.S. Barnwell, Kings, Courtiers and Imperium: the Barbarian West, 565–725.
Joseph Canning, A History of Medieval Political Thought, 300–1450
Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400
A.E. Leont'ev, Arkheologiia meri. K predystorii Severo-Vostochnoi Rusi (The Archaeology of the Merya)
Peter S. Baker and Nicholas Howe (eds), Words and Works: Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature in Honour of Fred C. Robinson
R. Künzel, The Forgotten Side of the Low Countries' Social History, 7th–13th centuries. Beelden en zelfbeelden van middeleeuwse mensen. Historisch-antropologische studies over groepsculturen in de Nederlanden, 7de–13de eeuw
Emma Cownie, Religious Patronage in Anglo-Norman England 1066–1135.     

Book reviews

Armagh and the Royal Centres in Early Medieval Ireland: Monuments, Cosmology and the Past. By N. B. Aitchison. Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The Early Medieval Archaeology By Leslie Alcock, with S. J. Stevenson and C. R. Musson. The Medieval Landscape of Wessex . Edited by Michael Aston and Carenza Lewis. Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School of Theodore and Hadrian . By Bernhard Bischoff and Michael Lapidge. The English nobility under Edward the Confessor . By Peter A. Clarke. The Old English Lives of St Margaret . By Mary Clayton and Hugh Magennis. The Martyrs of Cordoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion . By Jessica A. Coope. Scotland in Dark Age Europe . Edited by Barbara E. Crawford. The politics of dreaming in the Carolingian Empire . By Paul Edward Dutton. The Early Medieval Bible . Edited by Richard Gameson. The Viking-Age Gold and Silver of Scotland AD 850–1100 . By James Graham-Campbell. Medieval Listening and Reading: The Primary Reception of German Literature , 800–1300. By D. H. Green. Sidonius Apollinarus and the Fall of Rome , AD 407–485. By Jill Harries. Karl Martell in seiner Zeit . Beihefte der Francia, Band 37. Edited by J. Jarnut, U. Nonn and M. Richter. Manor, Vill and Hundred: The Development of Rural Institutions in Early Medieval Hampshire . By Eric Klingelhofer. Wisdom, Authority and Grammar in the Seventh century. Decoding Virgi-lius Maro Grammaticus . By Vivien Law. Medieval Boat and Ship Timbers from Dublin. Medieval Dublin Excavations 1962–81. Series B, Volume 3. By Sean MGrail. Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation . Edited by Rosamond MKitterick. Consorting with Saints: Prayer for the Dead in Early Medieval France . By Megan MLaughlin. Early Irish Contract Law . By Neil MLeod. Theodoric in Italy . By John Moorhead. Ausgewählte Probleme europäischer Landnahmen des Früh-und Hochmit-telalters. Methodische Grundlagendiskussion im Grenzbereich zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte. The Book of Kells: Proceedings of a Conference at Trinity College, Dublin, 6–9 September 1992 . Edited by Felicity O'Mahony. The Poetic Art of Aldhelm . By Andy Orchard. Politik und Heiligenverehrung im Hochmittelalter . Edited by Jürgen Peter-sohn Marriage in the Western Church: The Christianisation of Marriage during the Patristic and Early Medieval Periods . By P. L. Reynolds. The Formation of the Medieval West: Studies in the Oral Culture of the Barbarians . By Michael Richter. Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict . Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies 10. By Norman Roth. The Reign of Cnut, King of England, Denmark and Norway . Edited by Alexander R. Rumble. The Earliest Irish and English Bookarts: Visual and Poetic forms before A. D. 1000. By Robert D. Stevick. Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul. By Raymond Van Dam.     

Chiefdoms and the emergence of private property in land

A prevailing characteristic of complex, stratified societies is unequal access to critical resources, and in most cases land is the most fundamental of those resources. Gaining an understanding how relations to land are transformed is viewed as integral to revealing the origins of social inequality. Recent scholarship has proposed an evolution of property rights in land from open access to private property, the latter condition having been attributed to nation states. However, some scholars have concluded from their examinations of Early Medieval Irish texts that land within Irish chiefdoms was regarded as a commodity. The analysis carried out in this paper reveals that in Early Medieval Ireland some land could be considered to be private property, but the holding and transfer of land was restricted to chieftains and their dependents, the lands of commoners being held communally. The closest counterpart to this mode of land ownership is the form of feudalism proposed for the Classic and Post-Classic Maya.     

由“分期”史到“断代”史——民国时期大学“中国通史”讲授体系之演变

民国时期大学的中国通史讲授,有一个从模仿西洋史上古、中古、近古、近世的分期体系,向断代体系逐步演变的过程,最通行的断代方法为先秦、秦汉、魏晋南北朝、隋唐五代、宋辽金元、明清六段。在前一种讲授体系下,由于分期标准难以确定,造成时期划分极端混乱,中西历史对照讲授的目的难以达到,而且由于受西方中心史观的影响,还出现了强分时代乃至割裂历史的弊端。因此,这种讲授体系逐渐被各大学所抛弃,而代之以后者。后一种讲授体系的最终确立,是在分段问题上充分考虑中国自身历史发展特点的结果。其问题主要在于各段历史在实际讲授过程当中,常常不能衔接,造成通史事实上不通。与通史讲授体系的演变相呼应,通史教科书的编撰,也大体经历了一个从模仿西洋史分期,到依据本国历史发展特点构建本国通史著作体系的演变。这是中国史研究逐渐深入的一个表现。     

Dental health at the transition from the Late Antique to the early Medieval period on Croatia's eastern Adriatic coast

Dento‐alveolar pathologies: caries, ante mortem tooth loss, abscesses, calculus, alveolar resorption and tooth wear were analysed in two composite skeletal series from Croatia's eastern Adriatic coast (Dalmatia). The first consists of 103 skeletons from seven Late Antique (3rd–6th century AD) sites, the second of 151 skeletons from three Early Medieval (7th–11th centuries AD) sites. As recent bioarhaeological studies (Šlaus, 2008 ) showed a significant increase of disease loads and trauma frequencies in Dalmatia during the Early Medieval period, the aim of this study was to investigate whether dental health was equally adversely affected by the Late Antique/Early Medieval transition. The results of our analyses show that the frequencies of carious lesions, ante mortem tooth loss, abscesses and alveolar resorption increased significantly during the Early Medieval period, as did the degree of heavy occlusal wear on posterior teeth. These data suggest a change in alimentary habits, with a significantly higher dependence on carbohydrates and a greater reliance on hard, fibrous foods requiring vigorous mastication in the Early Medieval diet. The combination of higher calculus and lower caries rates in the Late Antique series similarly suggests more protein in the Late Antique diet and is, therefore, also consistent with the hypothesised change in alimentary habits. In general (the two exceptions are male caries and female alveolar resorption frequencies) lesion frequencies increased uniformly in both sexes suggesting that the deterioration of dental health during the Early Medieval period equally affected males and females. Cumulatively, the collected data suggest that the political, social, economic and religious changes that characterised the Late Antique/Early Medieval transition in Dalmatia resulted in a clear discontinuity, not only from the cultural, but also from the biological point of view with an evident deterioration of oral health during the Early Medieval period. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gender and the Family in Pre‐industrial Europe

P. Fleming, Family and Household in Medieval England A. Lynn Martin, Alcohol, Sex and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe N. J. Menuge (ed.), Medieval Women and the Law P. Skinner, Women in Medieval Italian Society, 500–1200 F. A. Underhill, For Her Good Estates: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh     

论中世纪晚期英国的圣徒崇拜

在中世纪晚期,英国的圣徒崇拜盛行,成为民众宗教信仰的中心。与中世纪早期相比,晚期的圣徒崇拜已发生了一些变化,民众已经开始关注到自己,具有了自我取向与现实取向。这表明在中世纪晚期,英国民众的宗教信仰中出现了“个人主义”倾向,在物质力量增长的同时,英国民众的精神力量也在发展。