明清时期杭州的文人治生

明清时期,杭州的一些文人出于各种原因参与治生或经商,涉及领域十分广泛,这些文人治生的途径和手段呈现出多样化的特点,主要集中在授徒、谋职于书院、卖文、出售书画、刻书、医卜、游幕、业农、经商等方面。他们多根据自身的特点、条件,采用一种或两种乃至多种治生手段,以达到自己的治生目的。促使他们从事治生的因素是多方面的,如因家贫、厌倦或失意于科举仕途、去职后生活所迫等。     

明清时期扬州与文人治生

明清时期,扬州吸引了许多文人来治生。他们的治生途径呈现出不同的表现形式,或依靠自身一技之长,如授徒、出售书画、占卜等取利自养,或寄迹、依托于豪门富室,文人与豪门富室之间形成了一种密切的互动关系,但也出现了一些变异现象,如一些文人仰富商之鼻息,自损士品,士气尽丧。文人参与治生的原因,或因举业不成,或因生计所逼,或受长辈影响,或观念开始转变,等等。     

唐寅治生探微

唐寅虽一直享有才子之名,但他因出身于"屠酤"之家,又受到科举弊案的牵连,失去了仕进之路,不得不从事治生。先是到宁王朱宸濠府上做门客,不过时间较短,其后长期以出售书画为生。唐寅由于自身的人生经历和对下层文士生活状况的了解,十分重视文人治生,认为文人读书不如先治生。他认为出售书画是一种可行的治生之道,应依靠自己的才能进行治生,反对赚昧心钱。     

“飲中八仙”之聚散與天寶文學走向

"飲中八仙"是天寶初期形成的文人羣體,嗜酒、狂放、風神、才藝等共同特徵,是該羣體得以形成的關鍵因素。其存在時間從天寶元年秋末到天寶三年春初,只有一年又三個月。"飲中八仙"中,除了李適之確實與李林甫有政治上的交鋒外,目前尚無證據表明賀知章、李璡、李白、崔宗之等人參與了李適之與李林甫的鬥爭。但是,"飲中八仙"的交往,使他們陷入了微妙的政治猜忌,最終被迫解體。"飲中八仙"的解體,對天寶文學的發展走向産生了深刻影響,具體表現爲三個方面:一,開元以來統治集團的尚文傳統在天寶時期逐漸失落。二,文人聚集方式發生了變化,天寶時期普通文人與執政的宰輔大臣之間相當疏離,他們更多散落在各地,形成大小不一、數量衆多的文學羣落。三,天寶文學的内容和題材與此前相比,發生了明顯的變化。     

袁世凯之子袁克文

袁克文虽系袁世凯夫妇梦豹而生,却是一个地地道道的性情中文人。本文叙述了他作为一个文人的风流一生。     

论明代士人的"异业治生"

士作为知识与智能的承载者,其治生类型大致可概括为本业治生与异业治生两种。明代士人的异业治生,主要包括耕读传家、医卜杂艺、工贾自食三种方式。由于本业治生途径的狭窄、收益低下与不稳定,中国传统社会的士人形成了"重异轻本"的治生理念。这一理念随着明代社会的变迁与商品经济的发展渐趋深化,并呈现出由重"耕"向重"贾"的演变趋势。这种演变一定程度上提升了士人的生存能力,促动了其社会人格的相对独立。但与此同时,也加深了士人对异业治生的依赖程度,导致其经济人格的渐趋软弱与社会人格独立的相对有限,并成为影响近世中国知识分子群体生存与发展的一个内在因素。     

清代铜刻艺人陈寅生散论

陈寅生,晚清著名的铜刻高手,被誉为在墨盒上刻文字、图案的第一人。“凡入都门购文玩者,莫不以有寅生所刻为重,足与曼生壶并传”。陈寅生有较高的文化修养、先进的商业意识,并与晚清收藏圈交游密切。寅生铜刻是“文人铜刻”,从一诞生起,就高于一般工匠在器物上的商品铜刻。陈寅生的高明,不仅是在技法上,更多的是文人趣味的先进,是美术理念的先进,是金石文化的先进。     

江南文人审美视野下的昆曲服饰

昆曲集宋元南戏和元杂剧之所长,经历代改良和传承,在明清时期的文人士大夫群体中广泛传播和发展.昆曲服饰是昆曲表演艺术的重要组成部分,具有传统戏曲表演体系的美学特征.在昆曲的发展过程中,江南文人追求的雅致美、意境美、自然美等审美融入了昆曲舞台艺术中,并引导了昆曲剧装制作的发展方向,使得昆曲服饰形成了色彩淡雅自然、设计构图虚实相间、图案搭配重写意和象征等艺术特点.     

《红楼梦》清代文人绘画概说

本文基于文献考察,对“《红楼梦》文人绘画”的定义、特点、现存情况进行梳理。《红楼梦》在清代文人中传播广泛,现存相关题材的文人绘画数量较大,其创意、审美、技法等与一般版刻图录、年画、广告画多有区别,体现了《红楼梦》创作者的个性,具有较高的艺术价值。     

北宋王朝宫殿里的神秘之碑

"文人、士大夫生在北宋何其幸也!"作者的这一感慨,倒也反映了中国文人长期受压之窘况。历史上各个统治王朝更替时大都刀光舞动,剑影四射,血流成河,尸堆如山。只有赵匡胤在开创北宋王朝时自导自演来了一出黄袍加身搞了个"和平政变",从人家孤儿寡母手中顺手牵羊兵不血刃得了一个江山。公元960年,赵匡胤发动陈桥兵变,宋承周祚,开启了     

从传道之师到大学教员：现代学术研究职业化趋向

近代知识人的学术研究出现了职业化趋向.所谓学术职业化,就是将学术研究作为一种谋生的职业,学术研究者成为职业学者.随着清末民初现代学术教育体制的建立、科学家群体的形成、专门科研机构的创建、科研成就的取得与科学交流系统的建成,近代学者的社会职业角色开始形成,学术研究逐渐呈现一种职业化趋向,不仅出现了以知识生产和传授为谋生手段的社会职业,而且这种学术研究职业为一定的制度所保障.学术职业化是现代学术体制的重要特征.职业化学者被纳入近代分科化、专门化之学术体制中.现代学术体制以有形之场地和无形之规范,直接限定着学者之学术活动,并间接影响着学者之学术思想.职业化之知识人多遵从现代学术体制从事知识生产,甚至将知识作为稻粱谋,而不再执着于思想之道.这是职业化体制下学术研究的特点及知识人的特色.     

Limits to Democratic Development in Civil Society and the State: The Case of Santo Domingo

Some scholars see civil society as key to democratization of the political system. In this view, pressure from civil society forces democratization of the state. However, this disregards the fact that changes in civil society's behaviour require changes in political society — changes are reciprocal. The demand–making strategies of grassroots organizations in the Dominican Republic in 1999 provide a good example of this dynamic: the incomplete nature of the democratic transition (specifically, the persistence of paternalism and clientelism) constrained the democratic strategy choices of the civil society organizations. Just as democratization within political society is inconsistent and incomplete, so will be the demand–making strategies of the grassroots towards the state. The Dominican case is of particular interest as it illustrates the blend of personalized and institutionalized elements characteristic of democratic transition.     

楼兰壁画墓所见贵霜文化因素

2003年,楼兰地区首次发现大型壁画墓,立即引起学术界极大关注。由于墓室东壁绘有"饮酒图",有学者认为表现的是粟特人饮酒场面,进而推断这是一座早期粟特人墓葬。本文通过对墓葬所含贵霜文化因素的详细分析,认为楼兰壁画墓实际上是一座侨居楼兰的中亚贵霜人的墓葬。     

元初江南儒士的处境及社会角色的转变

宋元更替,使原先在江南社会中占统治地位的儒士阶层受到很大的冲击。在客观环境与元政权笼络政策的共同作用下,江南儒士阶层迅速分化。有的仍以遗民自居,敌视元朝;有的拒绝仕宦,归隐民间;但大多数江南儒士开始承认元朝的统治,接受元政权任命的学官,于是江南社会中逐渐形成了一个由学官组成的社会群体．儒士阶层完成了社会角色的转变。     

The life style of Chinese scholars in the years of political turbulence - Examinations of Li Sichun’s Jinling Diary,Wu Mi’s Diary and Hu Shi’s Diary

After the abolishment of China’s Imperial Examination System and the founding of the Republic of China, the exterior mode of the Chinese scholars’ life, such as their academic research and ways of making a living, changed dramatically, but their real life style, including their habits, hobbies and tastes, did not show fundamental change. From the unpublished diary of an important but non-famous scholar Li Sichun of Sichuan University, with a close reference of Wu Mi’s and Hu Shi’s diary at approximately the same time, one can see that Chinese scholars kept their traditional literate life style and tastes until the 1940s. Therefore, we can make a conclusion that the social transition did not affect many scholars’ real life as profound as many present studies have claimed.     

Plus difficile d'être élu dans une petite municipalité? Perceptions de la fonction élective par certains élus municipaux québécois

In Quebec, 75% of the province's elected municipal officials hold office in municipalities with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. While we know that the demographic size of a municipality is likely to influence the career path and profile of elected officials and, more generally, the professional nature of elective office, to the best of our knowledge, little has been written about this relationship in Quebec municipalities with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. This is surprising given the institutional, political, and financial context can vary greatly depending on the size of the municipality and is thus likely to influence the nature of the day-to-day elective office. Using a methodology based on semi-structured interviews with roughly 30 elected officials, our study highlights two specific characteristics. Some believe the nature of their elective office to be the same as that held by their counterparts in large municipalities, so they feel that they are not equipped with the same tools to meet the needs of their office. Some perceive the conditions under which they exercise their office are different, so they note the scope of their task is heavy, impacting their daily lives. These findings point to the need for further studies on the management of these smaller municipalities.     

清代满人的“中国认同”

美国的部分新清史学者总爱笼统强调中国与大清始终为两回事,不能混为一谈,这就必然涉及到清代满人的中国认同问题。本文对这一认同形成发展的过程与特点,进行了较为专门系统的考察和分析,认定它与满人自身的族群认同并不矛盾且处于不同层次;以满洲帝国称大清,严格说来并不符合入关后特别是康熙中叶以后满人正式的国家认同之实际。从某种意义上说,将更为广阔地区的非汉人族群彻底有效地陶铸成中国人,使他们以主人翁的姿态公开认同并满足于中国的身份,且在清末实现一定程度的现代性转换,不仅是清朝超越以往中国各王朝主导族群的满人特性独特作用的结晶,也恰恰正是体现其统治时期最为鲜明的中国特性所在,不能把两者简单对立起来。     

巴蜀符号的变迁及其性质分析

巴蜀符号主要发现在东周时期巴蜀青铜兵器、青铜工具和青铜印章上面。依据不同载体,分析了巴蜀符号的特征与演变。不同功能的器物上的巴蜀符号类型差异明显,当时的人们在使用这些符号的时候是有明确的区分,说明它们的性质、功能应该有所区别。青铜兵器上巴蜀符号可能与古蜀的古老传说和信仰密切相关,当时的人们相信其具有神奇的力量,能够增强兵器的神奇威力。印章上的符号可能象征吉祥的喻意,活人佩戴有护身符的性质,随葬于墓中有护佑死者的作用。青铜工具上的符号最大可能是代表所有者或生产者标识性徽记。     

Office location in Australian metropolitan areas: centralisation or dispersal?

As office activities have become even more centralised in A ustralia's largest cities they have also become more suburbanised. Taking account of the recent expansion of intermediate (mostly office-based) services and their locational requirements, this article examines the existing and potential strategic planning policies for achieving a better organised, more equitable, and efficient distribution of office activities in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth. Preference for policies based on suburban office centres represents a convergence of ideas. Some of the factors which make it difficult to implement these policies are examined. The role of the CBD and adjacent office areas, however, should not be underrated given the established patterns of office location behaviour and the changing structure and origin of demand for non-local market metropolitan offices.