建筑记忆——城【澳门】中西澳门

澳门,总面积不足30平方公里,是由珠江三角洲尖端半岛和两个浮在珠江海面上的岛屿组成的古老城市。澳门因为真地理位置的独特优势,吸引了西方国家的目光。自此,澳门开始了一段不平常的岁月,并留下了许多见证中西文化贸易往来的遗痕：从中西合璧的建筑。到中西联姻的澳门新一代……2005年,澳门历史古城区列入世界文化遗产。     

The Archaeological Field Staff: The Architect

Abstract

In the following article is discussed the archaeological need of the field architect, the work and responsibilities that he undertakes on an excavation, the training that he ideally should have to become an archaeological architect, and the contributions that he can make to the knowledge of ancient architecture.

As well as the advisory help that he can give, the prime role of an architect, from the point of view of the director of an excavation, is that of making accurate surveys and clear and comprehensible drawings. The more conscientious he is and the more experience he has had, the more valuable the architect will be on a dig. This article sets forth various procedures for surveying and measuring and also gives a brief account of the instruments and tools needed for performing these operations. Mention is also made of the different types of drawings that are usually required, starting with the actual state plan and cross-sections and terminating with the completely restored plans, elevations, and perspectives.

For the architect who has the time, training, and initiative, there is also the opportunity of doing individual scholarly work. As pointed out herein, the study and definitive publications of ancient monuments, which only he can successfully conclude, contribute greatly to the archaeological field of knowledge.     

Quaternary Organic Deposit from Newton Creek Valley,Western Tasmania

Pollen and macrofossils from an organic deposit probably 44 ka BP in age record subalpine heath with abundant local Athrotaxis cupressoides. This was succeeded by subalpine heath that included Casuarina, Phyllocladus and Eucalyptus. The pollen/vegetation assemblages are comparable with present subalpine vegetation located between 850–1050 m, though the site is at 550 m and potentially below the limit of temperate rainforest (620 m). It is inferred that the vegetation altered from upper to lower subalpine heath and that the climate became warmer and wetter. The mean temperature is estimated to have been at least 3.2°C to 1.7°C colder than today. The trend of vegetation and climate change compares closely with Late Glacial changes but does not compare with changes recorded from sites of Middle Last Glacial age in the West Coast Ranges. A radiocarbon date of 34 ka BP and a trend towards warming suggests that the deposit may represent the onset of an interstadial during the Early Last Glacial Stage.     

Isaac Sherman and the trials of gilded age liberalism

Isaac Sherman (1817-81) was a self-made New York merchant and financier. Originally a Barnburner Jacksonian Democrat, he became a Free Soiler and in 1856 a campaign manager for Republican John C. Fremont. An influential Unionist, Sherman subsequently became a self-taught expert on railroad finance, currency, and local and state taxation. This article draws upon the Sherman papers recently acquired by the Huntington Library to offer an interpretive biography of this hitherto obscure but important railroad financier and laissez-faire ideologue. Sherman's activities show the personal and intellectual connections between the Equal Rights and Free Labor ideologies of the pre-war years and the Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism of the post-war period. They also reveal the anxieties of the haute bourgeoisie of the Gilded Age, and the legal stratagems used by Sherman and others to return the United States to the gold standard and overturn the Federal income tax. Finally, Sherman's proposals for local and state tax reform, conterminous with and similar to those of Henry George, reveal the limits of classical liberalism in both its laissez-faire and utopian forms.