明代华南的粮食生产及其地域特征

明代华南的农作物种类多,分布广,各有特点。在明代华南的粮食作物中,稻类作物占有很大的比重,主要分布在平原、盆地及河谷地带。其中广州、肇庆、潮州、福州、建宁、梧州等府所产稻谷较多,桂北、琼西的某些县份也盛产水稻。麦类作物的地位仅次于稻作。明代中期气候转寒以后,小麦的种植有增加的趋势。虽然种植面积不是很大,但分布相当广泛。麦作主要分布在山区、丘陵等处的旱地,有时与稻作轮作复种。粟类作物、豆类作物和代粮作物的分布也较广泛,只是种植面积较小而已。外来作物在明代后期得到迅速推广,并对当时的农业地理产生了重要影响。     

明代西北地区粮食生产研究

明代西北地区粮食生产研究吕卓民在发展农业生产方面,垦辟土地以扩大粮食作物的种植,兴修水利以增加灌溉土地的面积,改进生产工具以提高农作技术等,目的均在于增加粮食的产量。明代西北地区的粮食生产状况如何？不同区域的生产差异又如何？本文试从文献记载各地区的税...     

清代安徽粮食作物的地理分布

<正> 清代安徽的农业生产结构单一,粮食作物的生产占绝大比重。在粮食作物中,又以稻谷和小麦一直占主要地位,是安徽人民的主食,其他则有豆类、黍、稷、粟、高粱、薯类、玉米等杂粮,它们的种植面积虽然不能与稻麦相比,但在大多数地区同样是农民生活中不可缺少的一部分。     

清代中国西南的粮食生产

清代后期,中国西南的耕地可能达到了四千万亩,而非史志所载的一千二百万亩。新垦耕地多处边缘地区和山区。尽管旱地仍占主导,但梯田的发展、粪肥的使用、轮种技术的推广还是使西南的土地利用有了较大进步。稻米、荞麦等传统粮食作物的种植有较大发展,玉米、马铃薯、花生、油菜等外地作物传入,对西南粮食生产和各族生活产生了重大影响。清代西南边缘地区取代了中心区,成为主要的粮食生产和输出区。     

藏民族与青稞

作为藏民族主食的青稞是大麦的一种。由于它的籽实没有外壳,所以又称之为稞大麦、米大麦。青稞是藏族人民最主要的粮食作物,栽培历史悠久,种植面积之大,占西藏粮食作物播种面积的50％-60％,有些高寒地方种植面积多达80％以上。青稞籽实营养比较丰富,蛋白含量达15％左右。将它炒熟磨成糌粑是藏族人民最喜爱的主要食品,携带和食用都很方便。用它酿制的青稞酒是藏族人民最喜爱和最为普及的饮     

水稻种植技术优化要点

水稻是非常常见的粮食作物类型,其在粮食种植中所占的比重也是非常大的,水稻的高品质种植不仅能够提供更为优质的粮食产量,还能够促进种植区域经济水平的提升,要想实现以上要求,需要对现有的水稻种植技术进行优化和调整,并通过优良技术的宣传以及推广,促进整体水稻种植质量以及产量的提升,达到增产增效的最终种植目的。就当前水稻种植情况来看,虽然化肥以及农药的应用取得了一定的促进种植以及病虫害防治效果,但是在实际使用过程中的不良情况也较为严重,均不利于水稻种植产业的持续稳定发展,需要在未来水稻种植过程中对相关种植措施进行优化和调整。     

青稞、糌粑及其他

西藏高原土地辽阔,日照充足,又有广阔的草原和高山冰雪水源,具备农牧业发展的良好条件。粮食作物主要有青稞、豌豆、蚕豆、小麦、荞麦等,其产量和种植面积尤以青稞为最。青稞,原本裸大麦     

搅团

早先,家乡湟水谷地小麦产量低,种植数量少,粮食作物则以产量较高的青稞为主,也有少量的大麦,山地里还种植一些荞麦、谷子等.上世纪60年代中期,家乡推广了产量较高的小麦优良品种阿勃,其后粮食作物则以小麦为主.后来还推广了小麦和包谷套种的“带状田”,进一步提高了粮食作物的单位面积产量.     

明代苏皖浙赣地区麦类作物的生产和分布

明代苏皖浙赣地区麦类作物的生产和分布王社教麦是明代苏皖浙赣地区又一重要的粮食作物,其品种虽不像稻品那样繁多,但同稻一样,种植也遍布南北各地。南直隶和浙江布政司的绝大部分州县都有夏税麦的任务①;江西布政司虽然征收夏税麦的州县不多,但从保留至今的明代各地...     

明代华南的渔业生产

在明代华南地区的农业生产中 ,渔业占有一定的比重。这种情况与华南地区的地理环境有关 ,与明代华南人对渔业的重视也有较大的关系。从大量资料来看 ,明代华南的淡水养鱼业和海洋捕鱼业都有了较大的发展 ,人们对鱼类及其它水产品的认识也逐渐深化。由于渔业生产在华南经济中占有一定比重 ,故明政府在华南地区设置了一些“河泊所”,并比较注意征收渔业税     

清代东北粮食作物的地域分布

清代二百余年，东北地区种植业取得了空前的发展，传统农作物高粱、大豆、粟、小麦等与新引种的玉米、水稻等都是由辽河中下游地区向北逐渐扩展的，这种发展趋势与清代东北的人口移动及土地开发方向一致，进程同步。本文还利用清末各种作物在各州县粮食播种总面积上的比率，论述了主要粮食作物地域分布的不平衡特征及其形成原因：高粱与小麦的分布具有明显的南北不平衡性，高粱南多北少，而小麦正好与之相反；大豆是东北全境的重要农产，受大量外输的影响在水陆交通便利地区形成了相对集中的商品产地；分布普遍的粟受干湿气候的影响，播种比率从东南向西北逐步增加；水稻是朝鲜移民引入东北的，发展上与移民进程同步，分布上则由东南向西北逐步减少。     

The Food Resources of the Capitalist World

The author discusses a major research program now under way at the Institute of Geography, covering food production and consumption in the developed industrial nations and in the newly independent countries. Under investigation are ways of expanding food resources in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; overcoming the food deficit and reliance on food imports of African countries; and creating a diversified agriculture combining both export crops to finance economic development and food output for domestic consumption.     

Food and the middle ages

The study of food in the middle ages attracted much interest among antiquarians from the eighteenth century on. New perspectives came with the growth of social and economic history. Over the last two decades, re-evaluations of historical sources, along with contributions from other disciplines, especially archaeology, the archaeological sciences, anthropology and sociology, have changed the possibilities for this area of research. The study of cooking, of cuisine and its cultural context, as much as food production and the material conditions of life, is now central to developing our understanding of consumption. This paper explores new possibilities for the study of taste and demotic cuisine, food and virtue, the association of women with food, and the role of food in society and in cultural change.     

中式餐饮业的食品卫生管理

本根据中式餐饮食品生产的特点,提出加强对食品采购、贮存、初加工、烹调加工和餐锨具清洁、消毒等的卫生管理,以及加强对餐饮从业人员个人卫生和操作规范的监督管理,以提高中式餐饮食品的卫生质量。     

Securing Fish for the Nation: Food Security and Governmentality in Japan

Abstract

Concerns about supplies of food have been a feature of Japanese politics since Japan started modernising in the second half of the 1800s. It has remained a prominent political issue even after Japan cemented its status as a wealthy country in the 1980s, with the Japanese Government continuing to protect domestic food production from international competition. Protectionism is a curious policy for a country so dependent on world trade, including for food. Protectionist practices have led to entrenched interests in some sections of government and industry. Protectionist ideas are used in nationalist arguments against food imports. The protection of domestic food production, however, resonates positively well beyond the groups that benefit economically from protection and those that indulge in chauvinist notions about the dangers of “foreign” food. The issue, therefore, is broader than interest-group capture or xenophobia. We find it is deeply embedded in Japanese policies relating to food domestically and internationally, and goes beyond government policy as such, involving ways of thinking about protection of national culture, and social and environmental responsibility. Michel Foucault’s notion of governmentality helps to explain this approach to food security, accounting for the balancing act between free trade and protection as well as the pervasiveness of this rationality beyond government as such.     

Lost in the Supermarket: The Corporate-Organic Foodscape and the Struggle for Food Democracy

Abstract:  The corporatization of organics has been critiqued for the concentration of ownership, as well as the ecological consequences of the long distances commodities travel between field and table. These critiques suggest a competing vision of food democracy which strives to organize the production and consumption of food at a proximate geographic scale while increasing opportunities for democratically managed cooperation between producers and consumers. This paper examines how the corporate-organic foodscape has interacted and evolved alongside competing counter movements of food democracy. Using discourse and content analysis, we examine how corporate organics incorporate messages of locally scaled food production, humble origins, and a commitment to family farms and employees, and explore some of the complexity of the corporate-organic foodscape. This paper contributes to the understanding of commodity fetishism in the corporate-organic foodscape, and speaks more generally to the need for sophisticated understandings of the complex relationship between social movement innovation and market adaptation.     

Urban Food Systems and the Poor in Developing Countries

In many cities in developing countries, hunger and malnutrition are common amongst the poor, even when food is relatively abundant. Over the past two decades, a considerable literature has accumulated on the problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries – a literature that for the most part has neglected the important dimension of urban food systems and how these link production and consumption networks at local, regional and global levels. Similarly, whilst there is a newly burgeoning literature on global food systems, the contextual role of the urbanization process is rarely addressed. This paper attempts to fuse these two major areas of geographical investigation to highlight the issues that need to be addressed in future research programmes so that improved diets become accessible to all urban dwellers.     

Food Security in India: Measures,Norms and Issues

Although assessments by conventional macro measures show considerable improvement in food security in India, the levels of cereal consumption and calorie intake of even the general population are still below the normative threshold limits. This article brings out the dynamics of changes in institutional and production conditions and their implications for consumption patterns and food security at the micro level. The article uses empirical evidence to raise a number of issues, and calls for emphasis on investment in human capital by way of improvements in food and calorie intake for efficiency and economic growth.     

Low-Level Food Production

Societies with low-level food production economies occupy the vast and diverse middle ground between hunting–fishing–foraging and agriculture. Efforts by Ford, Harris, Rindos, Zvelebil, and others to characterize this in-between territory are discussed, and a new conceptual framework is proposed. Domestication, the central landmark of this middle ground, is situated well away from the boundaries with hunting–gathering and agriculture, and separates low-level food production economies into two broad categories. Key issues and questions concerning societies with low-level food production, both with and without domesticates, are discussed. Hunter–gatherer and agriculture boundary zones on either side of the middle ground are considered, as are the developmental pathways that traverse them.     

明清时期山西地区的水稻种植

通过对地方志等历史文献的系统梳理,发现明清时期山西水稻分布范围有一定的扩展,除中部汾河谷地外,北部大同府、东南潞安府及辽、沁直隶州也有种稻的记载。明清山西水稻生产的两个高峰期出现在明成化至万历前期和清康乾时期。受水利等条件的制约,明清时期山西水稻种植面积普遍较小,难以形成大规模的水稻产区;水稻种植的推广多得益于地方官员的倡导。