反思儒家文化的道德实践

儒家文化的存在有其深层的内在机理,它通过仪式化的方式将人类关系中的典范提炼出来并加以系统化,并在政治体制和民间百姓层面传承下来。但是,这种克已复礼的伦理道德体系有一种系统性缺陷,在某些方面对人性造成了一定的扭曲。它的仪式化运作与西方基督教文化是大相径庭的,这也造成了儒家文化与基督教文化道德伦理的不同的道德实践。     

法国中世纪至近代早期的游戏伦理

在中世纪,法国的游戏伦理话语权主要掌握在基督教会手中。基督教游戏伦理原则上反对游戏,其中最严厉的观点主张禁绝一切游戏,因为它们是"魔鬼的礼物";而较为宽容的观点则认为可以适度地玩"无邪"或"诚实"的游戏。但在近代早期,在文艺复兴和基督教信仰"纯化"的背景下,人文主义学者接过了游戏伦理话语权。人文主义的游戏伦理着重强调游戏在儿童教育方面的作用:伊拉斯谟等人主张在学习之余通过适度的游戏来恢复精力,拉伯雷及以后的学者则发现了游戏本身的教育功能。人文主义对游戏的世俗化有重要的影响,并使游戏开始与儿童紧密地联系在一起。随着绝对主义国家的崛起,游戏伦理的话语权逐渐转移到了宫廷社会手中。宫廷贵族更看重游戏在表达其特殊的身份和权力地位方面的功能,力图通过优雅的游戏方式与低等人区别开来。法国王室则利用游戏宣扬绝对主义的意识形态,彰显权力的威仪,并加强对臣民的精神控制。     

论伏尔泰的中国观

中国观内涵主要有以下几个方面:中国是世界上历史最悠久文明古国之一;中国文化是非基督教的伦理文化,它表现在以孔子为代表的儒家文化政治伦理和哲学思想之中;中国的宗教也是非神学的,是与之无关的道德实践伦理.     

新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响

新约通过耶稣及其门徒的治病、驱魔及使死者复活等活动,构建了一个以慈爱为主题、程序简约和异族化倾向明显的神迹体系。从形式上看,新约神迹继承了希伯来人的古老传统;而从内容上看,希腊罗马人的多神教文化为基督教的魔鬼增添了新的要素,因而使新约神迹更加充实和生动。神迹是早期基督教发展史上不可或缺的要素,在基督教神迹与教会扩张之间存在着某种互动的关系：基督教借助神迹而得以传播,神迹则因基督教的扩展而对社会产生日见重要的影响。因此,基督教的发展不仅伴随着神迹施行者队伍的不断扩大,而且还伴随着神迹受众的大幅增加。     

自然正义·生态正义·社会正义──对生态环境问题的新思考

随着生态系统日益失衡和自然环境的渐趋恶化,生态环境问题已经成为全球关注的重大问题。生态环境问题就其实质来说不是一个技术问题．而是一个社会问题。只有从社会正义的层面上来透视生态环境问题,才能找到这一问题的症结所在,才能找到解决这一问题的根本出路。一、生态平衡：自然正义在西方．正义首先是作为一种宇宙论的原则被提出来的。这种作为宇宙论的正义原则,是一种自然正义的观念。这里所说的”自然”．是从两层意思上说的。第一层意思是指这种正义所指称的范围,这种正义不仅仅是指人类社会．而是包括人类社会在内的整个物质世…     

先施公司创办者马应彪的基督教社会实践

先施公司创办者马应彪是一名虔诚笃信的基督教徒,并积极参与基督教社会实践。他个人的基督教实践活动非常丰富,包括参与教会自立运动、提倡信徒孝道及开办各类公共事业等,彰显了基督教精神伦理对其思想与行为的深刻影响。     

教会经济伦理与资本主义兴起

基督教与资本主义兴起的关系,长期以来是西方学术界激扬字的焦点。韦伯的名《新教伦理与资本主义精神》关于新教伦理产生资本主义的观点尽管遭到种种非议与驳斥,但论战双方对天主教伦理社会功能的评判是一致的,都认为宗教改革以前的基督教教诲基本还是反     

经济法定义的伦理之维

法律与伦理密切相关,法律的存在必须具有正当性。从伦理的角度来研究经济法的定义,不仅能为其作为独立的法律部门提供伦理基础,同时,也能从伦理的层面去探讨我国经济法的发展方向,做到价值与目标的统一。从伦理的视角来看,经济法是为达到社会共同福利的最大化,实现分配正义与矫正正义为核心而对经济资源实行合理分配的法律规范的总和。在市场经济条件下,我国经济法的价值取向应该是通过实现经济正义来构建社会主义和谐社会。     

从清代立嗣继承个案看清代地方官对法律正义的救济

通过大量清代立嗣继承案例可以看出 ,地方官员运用手中的行政权威 ,干预司法 ,在具体的司法裁判上拥有很大的自由裁量权 ,他们根据实际情况及儒家传统道德伦理对法律的正义进行救济 ,使得社会公正得到更多的实现。这既维护了法律所保障的传统道德伦理与民众的信念 ,又在一定程度上保护了个人的权利和利益。     

“耶稣基督的好兵”

冯玉祥的信仰和治军模式混合了中国的传统伦理和基督教,归根到底是一种实用主义     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.