美国对奥地利政策的演变（1945—1955年）

第二次世界大战结束以后 ,美国对奥地利政策偏离了《莫斯科宣言》的方向 ,将奥地利作为被盟国解放的国家 ,反对追究奥地利的战争责任 ,极力推动奥地利的经济复兴和国内秩序稳定。美国国家安全委员会第 38 4号文件和第 1 6 4 1号文件乃是美国对奥地利政策的重要纲领。美国以奥地利只能向苏联支付实物赔偿和武装中立为条件 ,同意签署《奥地利国家条约》。促进奥地利的亲西方倾向 ,成为美国对奥地利政策的长期目标与重要特点。     

1958至1960年艾森豪威尔政府对印尼的“双轨政策”

1958—1960年,艾森豪威尔政府确立了同时与苏加诺以及印尼陆军发展关系的“双轨”政策。该政策是美国对印尼政策演变的一个重要环节,奠定了美国对苏加诺政权政策的基础。双轨政策是在意识到美国对印尼政策目标和政策手段有限、美印(尼)关系具有较强不确定性和较多制约性因素的背景下制定的,带有浓厚的过渡色彩。双轨政策的确立,标志着美国开始调整与印尼民族主义的关系。美国对印尼政策的重点由促使印尼走上与西方联合、共同反共的道路,转向了利用印尼民族主义,抑制印尼共,阻止印尼与东方阵营的联合。     

Allies at Loggerheads: Sino-U.S.Military Cooperation During the Pacific War, 1941-1945

In the late 1960s,with many American intellectuals frustrated by the Vietnam War,plus the opening of U.S.World War Ⅱ records,the history of the spoiled relations between China and the U.S.were,again,combed through by historians.The "Stilwell Incident," as known by the Chinese (especially in Taiwan),together with the experience of the "China hands," were often the core of historical inquiry.In 1970,Barbara Tuchman published her renowned work:Stilwell and the American Experience in China,1911-1945;and soon her interpretation became prevailing.Over the years,the perception of Stilwell and the China hands,as presented by Tuchman,regarding the conflict between "vinegar Joe" Stilwell and the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek,as well as the fall of the Generalissimo had been accepted as an accurate representation of China's war time history.     

"It used to be about the kids": nutrition reform and the Montreal Protestant School Board

The nutrition programs that developed in Montreal Protestant schools during the 1970s attest to a deepening awareness of child and adolescent welfare. The combination of grassroots activism and government support that brought about these initiatives took place in the context of post-Quiet Revolution Quebec, when Montrealers were grappling with the role that the newly activist state should play in social life. At the same time, school nutrition reform was part of a broader ongoing renegotiation of state responsibility. Both in Canada and the United States, governments were steadily assuming a mantle of responsibility for expanded liberal rights.     

1937-1945:日伪与上海"第三国"势力

战时上海“第三国”势力主要指英美等国掌控的公共租界当局。太平洋战争爆发前 ,日方总的原则是 ,一切以争取对华战争的胜利为前提 ,在不发生正面的大规模冲突的前提下 ,尽量使英、美、法等第三国保持中立。同时 ,采取多种手段 ,逐渐削弱、排挤英美在上海的势力 ,最后达到其独占的目的。全面占领租界后 ,日方更是无所不用其极 ,疯狂侵占英美等国的经济利益 ,努力消除其政治影响。英美终战时 8年 ,虽时有妥协之举 ,但为了其自身的利益 ,为了不轻易放弃在华、尤其是在上海等地的势力和影响 ,未承认日伪上海市政府