槟城领事谢湘与该地华人社会及其免职风波

藉1931年至1933年《光华日报》及《槟城新报》的报道,讨论了粤籍人士谢湘任中华民国驻槟榔屿领事期内,在履行保护和管理华侨、组织劝导华侨捐款救灾、促进商务交流提倡国货、发展海外华文教育及履行国府任务等职责中的表现,探讨了其上任一年半被免职的原因及该事件所折射出的槟城华人社会的种种侧面。从槟城华文报纸对谢湘免职的不同立场,可以看出这是一个有争议的历史问题,谢湘之被免职不仅与其任内的表现有关,还与槟城华侨社会不同方言群间的复杂权力关系有关,在深层次上凸显了福建方言群与广东方言群在主导当时槟城华人社会中的重要作用。被免职的谢湘极有可能是槟城华人社会帮权争斗下的一个牺牲品。     

遇见槟城

当一种街头涂鸦文化成为一个城市的名片,正是这个城市的一大骄傲.喜欢槟城可以有很多种理由,但这一点是不可或缺的.初到槟城 被热情与浪漫拥抱从东马沙巴飞了近三小时到西马槟城,温度一下子上升了四五度,和沙巴扑面而来的凉爽不同,一下飞机就明显感受到来自热带的燥热.接我们的司机老梁是个华人,今年六十岁,是第四代华人移民,祖籍福建泉州.他说在马来西亚,像他这样的年龄的人大多还在工作.老梁比较健谈,得知我们第一次到槟城,一路上都在介绍槟城的情况.他说,槟城是马来西亚第二大城市,包括我们现在所处的槟榔屿岛和大陆上的威省,人口70万左右,其中华人和马来人各占40％多,华人相对还要多一点,主要来自中国福建和广东,其余的是印度人、印尼人等等.尽管华人掌控了马来西亚80％以上的财富,但政治上马来人还是绝对控制,不过槟城是个例外,在全国十三个州中,是唯一一个由华人担任州长的.     

华侨华人学科建设的反思：东南亚历史研究的视角与经验

本文的讨论围绕三个层面展开 :华侨华人研究 ,东南亚 (华侨华人 )研究以及笔者个人对槟城—吉打州华人商业与权力关系的研究。争论的实质是这样一个理论与方法论的问题 ,即华侨华人研究应该分别被视为某一孤立的主题研究领域、区域研究和学科研究方法 ,还是一个相互关联的结合整体的问题。本文并非企图为华侨华人研究确立一个标准 ,而仅仅是呈献一个实例 ,即把个人的研究视角和经历 ,结合大的结构、进程、理论和方法论的关怀等问题 ,进行情景化的考察。     

新加坡宗乡会馆的发展及其面临的问题

新加坡的华侨华人社团多达500多个,多数是属于业缘、地缘和血缘性质的组织。其中按地缘、方言组织的同乡会和按血缘、姓氏组织的宗亲会(简称宗乡会)有300多个。宗乡会是新加坡华侨华人社会的主要组成部分,对华侨华人社会的发展及新加坡的开发、建设起到了举足轻重的作用。本文就新加坡宗乡会馆的发展及其面临的问题进行初浅的探讨。     

从马来文《三宝垄纪年》与《井里汶纪年》看郑和下西洋与印尼华人穆斯林社会

通过介绍及解读马来文《三宝垄纪年》与《井里汶纪年》这两部印尼早期华人留下的文献,本文力图说明15世纪初印尼群岛信奉伊斯兰教的热潮与郑和的鼓励和推动有莫大的关系。作者认为,在郑和下西洋前,闽南方言群(包括福建漳泉人和广东潮汕人)的私人海商在东南亚各港埠已拥有举足轻重的势力。在郑和的鼓励与推动下,来自云南的中国穆斯林曾在明朝初年大批地经由印支半岛进入印尼群岛。他们在印尼尤其是在爪哇岛华人中的统治地位曾维持了相当长的时期,直到淡目王国衰亡前夕,以闽南方言群体为主的非穆斯林中国移民才在爪哇等地的华人侨居社区中逐渐重新占据主导地位。在郑和及其助手的大力推动和组织下,明代前期的中国穆斯林以占婆为中心,在整个东南亚地区尤其是印尼群岛组成了自己的贸易和传教网络。在这一传播伊斯兰教的过程中,原籍云南但来自占婆王国的华人穆斯林曾发挥了相当重要的作用。     

槟城忆把他乡作故乡

槟城是马来西亚华人数量最多的州属,其首府乔治市于1786年开埠,在首任总督英国东印度公司的弗朗西斯·菜特的鼓励下,华人移民大量增加,奠定了日后商港繁荣的基础。     

马来西亚华文教育与华人经济的发展

马来西亚华文教育的历史,可以追溯到第一所华文私塾,即1819年槟城五福书院的建立。到1900年,吉隆坡出现了华人创办的第一所现代化的华文学校。然而,英国殖民者把华人移民只当作开发马来亚资源的廉价劳动力,不可能关心华人的教育问题。1901     

移民社群整合与华人社团建构的制度化——新加坡福德祠绿野亭(1824-1927)研究

福德祠绿野亭是一个在1819年新加坡开埠初期华人移民帮群分立和帮群间互动的社会环境下产生的社团组织,至今仍活跃在华人社会舞台。在新加坡殖民地时代,该社团既是庙宇与坟山组织,处理广、客移民的信仰与身后的营葬、祭祀等事宜,也是广、客移民十一所社团最高联合机构,承担团结、凝聚与整合两社群的功能。本文运用绿野亭保留下来的碑铭、账本、会议记录、章程等金石与文字资料,重点讨论1824至1927年的福德祠绿野亭运用中华文化资源,在新加坡殖民地时代所走过的社群整合与建构制度化的历程。     

在"一个国家"和"多元文化主义"的激荡中成长--从公民社会模式看澳大利亚华人的参政空间

九十年代后期澳大利亚华人参政形式发生了结构性转变,由原来的相对散漫而少有华人参政,转变成为华人主动集会结社投身政治.本文认为,这种转变是在特定的历史时空,由华人社群与澳洲主流社会的变化互相激荡而产生的.本文利用公民社会理论来建构一个看待移民社会政治参与的参考架构,用海外华人的视角来审视澳洲华人发展史,讨论九十年代后期澳洲极端派反移民势力的兴起,以及对华人社会的影响.笔者认为,澳洲华人社会这个转变提供了一个华人参政的良好典范,即以少数族裔身份在公民社会中参与政治活动,从而改变主流社会的思维.     

当代旅日外国人及其经济地位——中国人与朝鲜人的统计分析

一　问题的提起　　在我国的日本研究中 ,旅日外国人问题从未受到足够的重视。相对东南亚华侨华人研究而言 ,关于旅日中国人即日本华侨华人的认识是相当贫乏的 1。关于旅日朝鲜人 2的研究更为罕见。这种现状不仅不利于正确认识海外华侨华人的多样性 ,而且不利于从民族角度 (ethnicperspective)认识日本社会的复杂性。由于日本在东北亚区域的特殊重要性3和中、日、朝·韩的特殊关系 4 ,对旅日中国人和朝鲜人问题进行深入探讨无疑是有意义的。本文旨在分析旅日中国人和朝鲜人的族群状况和经济状况 ,但并不是因袭一般的现象描述 5,而是尝试根据…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.