约翰·密尔宽容思想简论

约翰·密尔在他的《论自由》中对宽容问题进行了精当的阐述。他首先论述了思想宽容,并把它与思想自由、讨论自由及追求真理紧密结合起来,认为思想宽容是使人类认识逐步接近真理的途径。其次密尔指出了宽容对个人自由、自我发展、自我实现的重要性。密尔承认差异、认同多元、丰富性和多样性的宽容思想仍然具有重要的现实意义。     

“个体性”的思想谱系——以约翰·密尔《论自由》文本为中心的考察

思想家如何组织文本,是思想史研究中的的重要内容。19世纪英国思想家约翰·密尔在撰写《论自由》时,便借用和转换了其他思想家的思想资源,来组织自己的文本。凭借这些思想资源,《论自由》文本才得以写就,并充满思想的力量。也正是在这种借鉴中,密尔和其他思想家的思想形成了一种内在关联和思想谱系。通过系统考察密尔所提及的一些思想家的思想内容,梳理这些思想谱系,将有助于把握《论自由》这一文本的组织方式,明晓文本产生的思想渊源,以及理解其思想的意义指向。     

力求平衡的自由主义——密尔政治思想中的自由与功利原则

密尔作为推动自由主义从近代向现代转型的政治思想家在自由主义思想史上具有举足轻重的地位。但有批评者指出其思想中的自由原则和功利原则存在不可调和的矛盾。纵观密尔的政治思想,他在努力实现二者的平衡。人的自主性和社会性使密尔摒弃了原子式个人主义,个人在促进自由的同时,对社会进步负有道德上的义务。尖锐的社会矛盾让密尔意识到二者平衡的必要性;功利原则的人性化和务实性使社会进步的同时个人自由也得到最大限度的维护,使二者平衡具有可能性;通过教育、精英人物的示范及重新认识政府的职能使这种平衡具有可行性。     

包容与整合：社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮的必然选择

当前我国社会正在发生深刻的变革,社会思潮异常活跃,且呈现多元化、趋利化与复杂化的发展趋势。以社会主义核心价值体系引领多样化社会思潮,既有必要,也有价值认同的基础。要尊重各种社会思潮的差异性与应有的社会地位,也要对其进行整合,最大限度地形成社会思想共识。     

论社会思潮的民众评价机制

梁启超和我国当代学对社会思潮的规定实际上指出了其民众评价论的本质。社会思潮的内容和主体及其组织状态体现了民众评价活动的本质特征。社会思潮在思想理论体系和社会心理的互动中形成,并在多种社会思潮的互相冲击、碰撞、交汇、融合中展开。社会思潮与社会舆论都是民众评价活动的形式,但二不同;社会思潮与社会意识形态之阎也是既有相同点又有不同点：社会思潮以特殊的形式体现民众评价活动的作用。要重视社会主义意识形态对社会思潮的引导。     

五四时期中国社会主义思潮的历史反思

五四时期中国社会主义思潮的全面勃兴,以五四新文化运动为载体,以俄国十月革命为推导,显现出不同于社会主义思潮在中国近代的历史内容与特点。科学社会主义在中国思想文化界全面传播并扎下根来,是五四时期中国社会主义思潮的终极成果。在五四时期,如果没有救亡的忧患意识,就不会有对旧文化的深刻批判;没有对救亡的紧迫感,就不会产生对科学社会主义的钟情与痴迷之情。对旧文化的批判与对科学社会主义的选择,正是在五四时期的特定历史条件下的完美媾合,实现了历史的情与理的和谐一致。     

刘师复社会主义思想述论

刘师复社会主义思想述论刘贵福刘师复（１８８４—１９１５年）是中国近代无政府主义思想的著名代表人物。在他的无政府主义思想体系中,包含大量有关社会主义思想的内容,这些内容在中国社会主义学说传播发展过程中,曾产生过重大影响,是民国初年社会主义思潮的重要组成...     

“社会主义核心价值体系与构建和谐社会”专题研讨会综述

<正>由当代中国研究所当代中国文化建设与发展史研究中心、《当代中国史研究》杂志社、国立华侨大学哲学与社会发展学院共同举办的"社会主义核心价值体系与构建和谐社会"专题研讨会于2010年4月24～25日在福建泉州召开。来自中共中央党史研究室、中共中央党校、中宣部《时事报告》杂志社、教育部《思想理论教育导刊》杂志社、北京大学、中国人民大学、福建师范大学、当代中国研究所、华侨大学哲学与社会发展学院等单位的40余位专家学者参加了会议。当代中国研究所副所长张星星代表会议举办单位在致辞中对与会学者提出以下建议:紧密联系60年来特别是改革开放20年来社会主义核心价值体系、和谐社会建设的实践和经验来探讨问题,为社会主义核心价值体系与和谐社会建设提供历史支撑;密切联系实际,特别是联系当前思想文化领域各种思潮相互激荡、价值选择多样化的实际情况来分析问题,为社会主义核心价值体系     

清除“污名”:约翰·密尔《论自由》文本的形成

在《论自由》这一经典著作中,约翰·密尔使用了"社会污名"这一概念,为什么密尔使用这一概念,原因即在于从1831年约翰·密尔认识哈瑞特开始,两人的关系就一直受到了朋友和家人的非议,遭受到了不应有的"污名化"。为了清除这些"污名",约翰·密尔与哈瑞特在结婚后决意反击,用笔来对那些"污名化"他们的"敌人"进行反抗,借以澄清关系,同时启蒙社会。他们相继写出了《论自由》和《自传》两书,表达了他们期待改造这个社会,实现一个每个人的个体性都能够得到尊重和保护的社会。1859年,《论自由》出版,尽管遭到了很多人的批评,但还是得到了广泛的接受与好评。借助于对约翰·密尔写作意图和过程这一历史性考察,从而可以将学界通常仅对《论自由》文本展开解析转变为研究这一文本的形成,由此可以找寻到理解约翰·密尔思想的另一种路径。     

历史生态学与企业生态文化建设

党的十八大,把生态文明建设放在突出位置,融入"四位一体"形成"五位一体"的新格局,系统化、完整化、理论化地提出了生态文明建设的战略任务。企业,作为现代社会的细胞,在建设社会主义生态文明的过程中起着重要作用。西方马克思主义学者结合马克思主义思想,在对西方绿色思潮批判与继承的基础上,创立了生态学马克思主义。探究如何将生态学马克思主义理论同企业生态文化建设结合起来,具有现实意义。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.