从慈善事业看近代华侨精英与侨乡公共事务——以泉州花桥善举公所为例

结合近代百多年来沿海侨乡社会和慈善组织的历史变迁,以泉州花桥善举公所为例,分析阐述了华侨精英依托侨乡特殊社会文化网络,在地方公共事务发展中的主导作用。     

Twenty Years of Mobilising around AIDS in China: The Main Actors and Influences behind Organisational Growth

AIDS-related work and advocacy is one field that has spurred considerable activity among Chinese NGOs in the past two decades. This article explains processes leading to institutional changes that are necessary for allowing more NGOs to emerge and operate, and shows how international, domestic and local actors and influences have steered developments leading to organisational growth. The article applies new institutionalism theory and highlights differences between formal and informal institutions in explaining change and continuity for NGOs and their relations to state and government in this particular field.     

新中国救灾工作社会化的历史考察

救灾工作社会化是在以政府为主导的救灾体制下,拓宽救灾门路的有效方法,它能够最大限度的弥补政府救灾遗留的问题,优化救灾效果。1949年来,中国救灾工作的社会化走过了一条曲折的发展道路,逐步形成了以政府为主导、个人和民间组织积极参与的救灾格局,但民间组织参与救灾的机制尚不完善,发挥作用的渠道比较单一,仅以动员社会捐赠为主,仍存在发掘的空间。     

清末民初北京地区的社会变迁与慈善组织的转型

北京地区的传统慈善组织在清末民初发生重大变化:数量上呈现较大幅度的增长趋势;救助功能方面普遍地由施养向教养转化;操作管理方式逐渐走上联合统一的道路。这些变化与北京地区在近代所具有的典型社会特征有着密切联系,因此一定程度上本文是对慈善事业研究的一种区域性探索。     

Between Control and Empowerment: Governmental Strategies towards the Development of the Non-profit Sector in China

Continuous economic reform and social development have induced and forced the Chinese government to adjust its strategies towards non-profit development. Enhanced state capacities, emergent legitimacy of non-profit organisations, genuine demand for non-profit partners, public management modernisation and other factors have not only enriched the “control” mandate by introducing persuasive means, but have also driven the government to become a major empowering force for non-profit development. Advanced local governments in China take the lead in adopting mixed strategies of control and empowerment to forge a path of non-profit development in favour of non-profit organisations that are politically inactive and professionally capable. This paper shows the resilience of the regime by presenting examples of evolving governmental strategies of control and empowerment at the local and national levels. It argues that the Chinese government’s non-profit strategies are increasingly multidimensional and complicated, featuring changes in purpose, constraints, available means and government–non-profit relations.     

Decentring international and institutional famine relief in late nineteenth-century China: in search of the local

This article uses rural gazetteer biographies to examine village and household-level famine relief during the great North China Famine of 1876–9 to deepen our understanding of past relief methods and dynamics at the most local level. Despite the appearance of major works recently on famine in modern China, particularly on the Great Leap Forward, knowledge of Chinese famine relief remains thin and scattered considering the enormity of the subject. Nineteenth-century China saw intensifying international relief activity as well as the emergence of a vibrant charity-relief sector based in China's major cities, leading to the rise of prominent relief institutions in the twentieth century, such as the Chinese Red Cross. But the increasingly intense disasters of China's modern period also saw a surprising persistence of local humanitarian traditions still barely covered by historians.     

Existing at the Interface: Indian NGO Activists as Strategic Cosmopolitans

Abstract: This paper uses life history narratives to explore the multiple and overlapping scales and sites through which the cosmopolitan subjectivities of activists in local Indian NGOs are constituted. We particularly emphasise the “intermediate” status of the activists, and the ways their positioning shapes their subjectivities in diverse ways over time and place. We draw on the idea of a strategic cosmopolitanism to consider the multiple ways their cosmopolitanism shapes the negotiation of development from their intermediate position, and to reflect on the normative and political possibilities that emerge from this process.     

现代性及其限度：民国文官考试制度平议

民国文官考试制度是一个传统与现代的混合体.其现代性主要体现为法制化程度的提高,平等性和开放性的增强,考试权的独立和考试内容的现代化.但是对经义考试的保留,对传统科举制考试程序的模仿,考试与任用的脱节,党治和军治色彩的存在,个人因素的干扰,派系势力的抗拒等,又使民国文官考试制度的现代性受到极大限制,难以发挥其应有的功效.     

当代中国防灾救灾的成就与经验

我国自古以来就是一个多灾的国家,中华人民共和国成立以后,党和政府组织人民大力防灾救灾,取得了举世瞩目的成就。新中国成立60年来,虽然每一次灾害都对人民的生活、财产和社会发展带来了不同程度的危害和影响,但是随着抗灾救灾能力的不断提高,中国人民战胜了一次又一次重大灾害,积累了丰富的经验。今天的中国,灾害仍是一个十分突出的问题,防灾救灾在相当长的时期内仍将是党和国家的重要工作之一。     

清末民初的世界史演义初探

演义体的史学作品作为史学的重要组成部分,在向下层民众传播历史知识的过程中发挥着重要作用。清末以降殆至民初,演义体的史学作品杂然纷陈,其中世界史演义的出现尤为醒目,演义域外新知,启迪下层民众,激发爱国热忱,成为世界史演义作者共同的创作意图。大量世界史演义作品的出现,既是此时期历史演义创作中的重要现象,也成为此时期的演义体史学一个重要特点。     

Performing refugeeness in the Czech Republic: gendered depoliticisation through NGO assistance

The article examines the gender micropolitics of non-governmental assistance to refugees in the Czech Republic – a post-socialist society which is becoming a country of immigration. It critically examines relations of power between refugees and local non-governmental organisations (NGOs). These NGOs act as mediators between refugees and the state, media, wider public and academic production of knowledge. It is argued that despite the important roles they play in securing refugees' access to rights, their assistance is often perceived as problematic by refugees. The article analyses these relations in a wider context of the institutions of the refugee system where the state has increasing power in defining the conditions under which NGO assistance to refugees is provided. The study is based on qualitative research among recognised refugees from the former Soviet Union living in the Czech Republic and local NGOs assisting them with integration into society. I demonstrate how particular forms of assistance and public representation depoliticise refugees in a sense of fostering rather than challenging unequal power relations that lock refugees in a position of clients lacking political means of influencing their place in a receiving society. This is done by conceptualising ‘a refugee’ as a performative identity that is being produced and enacted in feminised NGO spaces. The analysis highlights refugees' critical reflections on their position in the relations of assistance.     

当代中国政治文化构建的一种历史审视

中国传统政治文化强调集权主义、注重伦理关系、强调道德至上 ,其最大优点就是注重人生的理想和精神因素的作用 ,而最大的弊端是重人治、轻法治 ,“文化大革命”将中国政治文化的特点充分展现出来 ,特别是将传统政治文化的缺陷充分显露出来。这说明传统政治文化对我们存在着深远的影响 ,因此我们要从自己历史上的政治文化中 ,找到稳定的、持久的、有积极意义的因素 ,从传统中构建“现代政治文化主体意识” ,即在构建当代中国政治文化时 ,要在重视精神理想的中国政治文化中 ,注入法治文化的基本要素 ,形成更科学的政治文化。     

众生相：民国日常生活史研究

日常生活是人类尤其是普通民众惯常的经历和感受。日常生活史在研究内容上与社会生活史有类似之处,但它主要强调站在日常生活经历与体验的立场上观察历史、叙述历史。民国时期是中国历史上承前启后的一个重要历史阶段,日常生活既是民国历史的影子,也影响了民国历史的走向。与民国日常生活史相关的研究,多发表于上个世纪90年代中期以后,尤其是近五六年之间。这些研究大致涵盖了日常生活史的各个主要方面,一定程度上改变了民国史研究中日常生活史的失语状态。但就总体来看,自觉地以日常生活的视野进行研究者较少,尤其是缺乏个人经历、心灵体验以及对生活表象背后的意义的挖掘。     

清末民初"国民外交"一词的形成及其含义述论

清末民初＂国民外交＂一词的提出,既是中国人民在严重的民族危机下寻求自强独立的现实需要,在一定程度上也是受到了日本的影响,将本意为国家外交的＂national diplomacy＂译为＂国民外交＂。中国的＂国民外交＂概念的内涵主要表现为三个方面：一是将人民主权思想应用于外交领域,含有视外交为国民的外交,政府应尊重民意办理外交的意思;二是指国民可通过国会参与外交,以舆论监督外交,将自己的意志反映贯彻于外交事务;三是通过国际民间交往增进友谊,进而改善邦交,促进世界和平。虽然今天的＂国民外交＂概念主要是从国际民间交往的外交意义上来说的,但不容忽视其原来政府外交须尊重民意,而国民有权监督政府外交的含义所具有的现实借鉴作用。     

去伪存真:50年来中国史学家笔下变化着的白朗起义

爆发于1911~1914年间的白朗起义是民国时期一次最大规模的农民起义。中国近代史学者对民国时期的土匪的研究历史悠久,对白朗起义的研究也有特别的兴趣。距离白朗起义失败已经90多年了,在普通民众特别是中国的近代史研究者的眼中,对白朗起义的评价和中国这90多年风风雨雨的历史一样,饱经岁月的沧桑。笔者在此文中将回顾这些变化,由此窥视这些年来中国社会的剧烈变化。     

A summary of the past two decades' research on non-governmental forces in modern China

Recent research on non-governmental forces in modern China, during its inception in the early 1990s, bore obvious influences from Western theories of civil society and the public sphere. By the late 1990s, this research began to pick up new momentum: the scope was expanded, findings were increased, essays and empirical studies came forth incessantly. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, research by Chinese scholars on the topic grew at an even greater rate. Aside from those academics who continued to borrow theories of civil society and public sphere, more scholars began employing the analytical framework of “society and state” to tackle the many issues within the non-governmental sectors of modern China.     

凿池而饮:明清时期北方地区的民生用水

本文利用地方志,田野调查收集的水池碑刻、口述资料,对明清时期北方地区的水池进行了研究,认为开凿水池集蓄自然降氷是解决缺水地区民生用水困难的有效形式,水池人文景观构成北方行聚落显著的外部特征。治所和乡村在应对缺水环境时存在一定的制度差异性,传统政府职能在解决民生用水问题方面有其局限性。在水资源缺乏的环境下,用水秩序构成北方乡村社会秩序一个重要方面。     

清末民初的“纪年”变革与国家建构

清末,中国传统时间思维受到西方线性时间观念的冲击而发生根本变革,纪年变革就是这种变化最为直接的表现。知识分子将纪年视为建构＂现代国家＂的重要方面,并为争夺纪年所具有的政治资源展开激烈论争。民国建立之后,革命党人将建构新纪年体系视为革新政治的重要标志,并在社会上大力播扬新纪年的意义,此做法却受到了普通民众的抵制。时间观念及与之相伴的生活习俗与现实政治之间的复杂关系是近代社会变革的重要论题。     

宗族与地方社会的国家认同——明清华南地区宗族发展的意识形态基础

考察明清时期“宗族”的历史 ,应该超越“血缘群体”或“亲属组织”的角度。华南地区宗族发展是明代以后国家政治变化和经济发展的一种表现。宗族的发展实践 ,是宋明理学家利用文字的表达 ,改变国家礼仪 ,在地方上推行教化 ,建立起正统性的国家秩序的过程和结果。文章概括讨论了宗族意识形态通过何种渠道向地方社会扩张和渗透 ,宗族礼仪如何在地方社会推广 ,把地方认同与国家象征结合起来的过程。     

民国前期红十字会皖北救援活动管窥

民国前期,中国红十字会在救死扶伤的同时,不断拓宽人道主义服务领域。通过对这一时期中国红十字会皖北人道救助行动的考察,可以看出中国红十字会及其所属分会广泛参与兵灾、自然灾害及其他意外之灾的救助,减轻了民众疾苦,为保障民生,发挥了不能小视的作用。