THE CONFEDERATE AND THE FREEDMEN: BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPARISONS FROM THE RECONSTRUCTION-ERA SOUTH

Abstract

In 1999, the human remains, coffin, and associated artifacts of William Ayres Crawford, a Confederate colonel who died in Saline County, Arkansas, in 1874, was examined archaeologically. Comparisons to Crawford's biohistory are made to his contemporaries—African-American freedmen who lived and died in the 1870s and early 1880s and who were interred in Freedman's Cemetery in Dallas, Texas. The Freedman's Cemetery site was intensively studied archaeologically in the early 1990s. In the process, key disparities and similarities between a slave-holding confederate officer and people who experienced the horrors of enslavement are revealed.     

THE COMPOSITION OF BRASSES FROM IFE AND BENIN

Brass alloys from Ife are compared with a selection of brasses from Benin. Four sources of mixed zinc and lead ore were used in Ife. In Benin lead and copper from different sources were added to these four alloys, which may represent the melting down of older castings. Comparisons are made with analyses from Europe and other parts of Africa.     

THE GOLD PECTORAL FROM VERGINA AND ITS CONNECTIONS

The discovery of a crescent-shaped pectoral in a fourth-century tomb near Katerini in Western Macedonia, analogous to that from the Great Tomb at Vergina, provides an opportunity to reassess this form of parade armour and to reexamine the chronology of a related series of warrior burials in Thrace and Macedonia. The pectorals are executed in a composite style which combines naturalistic and geometric patterns in low relief concentric zones. Apart from common zoomorphic and vegetal motifs, the ornamental repertoire includes elements specific to the Thracian region in the latter half of the fourth and early third century B. C.     

THE THRACIAN ITHYPHALLIC ALTAR FROM POLIANTHOS AND THE SACRED MARRIAGE OF THE GODS

Summary. This article considers the light thrown on Thracian Orphic doctrine by a stone ithyphallic altar dated to the fourth century BC, found near Polianthos, northern Greece. Its iconography combines symbols reflecting the sacred marriage, and can be paralleled in petroglyphs and figured metalwork; while its cosmological basis is also reflected in aspects of royal Thracian burials.     

GOLD AND SILVER WINGED GODS FROM THE TUBO PERIOD

正Ethnic people living on the Tibetan Plateau during the Tubo period have been well-known as not only strong and brave on horses,but they were also an ethnic group enriched with powerful creativity and rich imagination.From Tubo's cultural art,we can observe a large amount of extremely fine artifacts.For instance,among recently     

COMPARISON OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FROM THE LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY AND THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY

Neutron activation measurements for Eu, Sc, Cs. Th, Ta, and Fe on 6 samples of pottery and rock by the Hebrew University and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory have been compared. The average disagreement exclusive of counting errors was 1.1%. The practical importance of this study to archaeology is that data taken on source materials in one laboratory can be used by the other. Methods of determining the consistency of measurements within a laboratory and sources oferrors are also discussed.     

中国钱币铸造工艺史上灿烂的一页——六朝叠铸式陶质钱范的演进与成效

叠铸式陶质钱范是在卧式散铸钱范的基础上发展起来的。现有资料表明 ,叠铸式陶质钱范最早出现在西汉早期 ,在汉半两盘形铜母范上可捕捉到早期叠铸陶范的信息。但叠铸范在西汉早期并不占主导地位 ,在新莽钱币铸造中叠铸范逐步得以普及 ,东汉五铢铸造中叠铸范已成为主流。 1 986年 1 2月在陕西耀县有汉五铢叠铸陶范出土① 。东汉以后 ,我国东南部自孙氏吴政权起 ,东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈相继更迭 ,国都均置建康 (今南京 ) ,由出土与发现的六朝钱范以及铸钱遗物显示 ,六朝凡官方铸钱大多采取叠铸工艺。六朝时期虽然政权数易 ,但是在对铸钱和制范…     

辽西地区新石器-青铜时代耕作业的兴衰与环境变化的关系

本通过分析辽西地区新石器时代至青铜时代考古化特征和耕作业的兴衰与环境变化的关系,揭示了该地区新石器时期以来化发展受耕作业的兴衰影响出现了多次倒退的现象。并认为环境条件特别是气候条件是影响辽西地区早期化发展的本质因素。气候温暖期,定居的农业化昌盛;气候寒冷期,农业经济解体,只能维持低水平的简单畜牧经济。造成新石器时代-青铜时代本区耕作业衰落和化倒退的直接原因是5000aB．P．-4000aB．P．降温事件及铁器冷期寒冷气候的作用。环境因素的剧烈波动过程,阻碍了本区化与生产经济形态的正常演进与发展。