广告与时髦——月份牌绘画

Calendar painting results from the popularity of business art movement between the late 19th century and the early 20th century with abundant louches of various topics, which was extremely favored with its special artistic displaying means and taste and was the best portrait of the civilian ordinary art.     

The Brill Journal Archives Online

The Brill Journal Archives Online now offer access to over 110,000 articles published before the year 2012, covering over 3,700 volumes of 221 scholarly journals. The Journal Archives consist of two parts, the first covering the 19th and 20th century and the second the first decade of the 21st century. The Archives hold the imprints Brill and Martinus Niihoff.     

The Brill lournal Archives Online

The Brill Journal Archives Online now offer access to over 110,000 articles published before the year 2012, covering over 3,700 volumes of 221 scholarly journals. The Journal Archives consist of two parts, the first covering the 19th and 20th century and the second the first decade of the 21st century. The Archives hold the imprints Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.     

The Brill Journal Archives Online

The Brill Journal Archives Online now offer access to over 110,000 articles published before the year 2012, covering over 3,700 volumes of 221 scholarly journals. The Journal Archives consist of two parts, the first covering the 19th and 20th century and the second the first decade of the 21st century. The Archives hold the imprints Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.     

宝藏寂对佛性的理解（英文）

<正>The Ratnagotravibhāga(abbr.RGV)was very likely composed sometime around ~(th)e 4~(th) or 5~(th) century in India.But traces of the RGV fell into obscurity after ~(th)e late 6~(th) century,and again begin to appear after the early 11th century.To clarify the text’s resurrection after the early 11~(th) century,I have studied the earliest masters of this period who quote the RGV,namely Maitrīpa     

Tibetan Medicine Master Zekang Qamba Tuwang

Zekang Qamba Tuwang was a well-known person around the turn of the 20th century,and once served as the first chief of the Lhasa Calendaring Center(called Moinzekang in Tibetan) and as the private medical doctor of the 13th Dalai Lama.     

The Historical Story of Fighting British Invaders At Zong Hill

Around the beginning of the17th century the Britishestablished in India thesupreme headquarters of itsaggression in the east-the East IndiaCompany.In the late 18th century,theybegan their aggression by means of"doing missionary work","traveling forpleasure", and "seeking trade relations",and started invading Tibet. In 1888, they launched the first waragainst China in Tibet, culminating in theBattle of Lhuntu Mountain. In July 1903, the British launched asecond invasion of Tibet. This time, they     

The Education System of Three Major Monasteries in Lhasα

Ⅰ. The Education System of Monasteries Under the Yellow Sect of Lamaism The rise of the Yellow Sect (or the dGe-lugs-pa Secti) in Tibet in the 15th century was closely related to its mature system of monasteries and sound organization of personnel. In the 13th and 14th centuries, previously thriving sects of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the Sa-skya-pa Sect2     

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

Zhuang Guotu, Historical Changes in Numbers and Distribution of Overseas Chinese in the World The Chinese emigrated on a large scale since the end of the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th cen...     

REFERENCE MATERIALS

Potala PalaceConstruction of the Potala Palace began in the mid-7th century for the Tubo King Songtsan Gambo to greet his Han wife, Princess Wencheng. It comprised 999 rooms then, plus one built atop the Red Hill, which, said to have 1,000 rooms, was later destroyed by thunderbolts and wars. What we see today is a structure built during the 17th century.In the mid-17th century, the White House was added to the Potala Palace, which spread along the Red Hill in Lhasa.The palace is a structure of clay, wood and stone. The palace was the residence of the Dalai Lama of various generations. Beginning with the period of the 5th Dalai Lama, major religious and political ceremonies were held there.The palace covers a total area of 360,000 square meters, with major building rising 117 meters high in 13 floors, and extends some 360 meters from east to west.From 1989 to 1994, the State earmarked some 55 million Yuan and large quantities of gold and silver to repair the palace.In December 1994, the palace found its w     

Review of Tibetan Documents of Mongolian Nationality

As an ancient and civilized ethnic group,the Mon-golian nationality not only made splendid militaryachievements but also noteworthy contributions ineconomy and culture to human civilization.It was anethnic group that once lived in a cold,remote andsparsely populated area and mainly survived by hunt-ing and herding.At the end of the 11th century andthe early 12th century,Mongolians began to unifythemselves and gradually conquered surrounding eth-     

Tibetan Musician Menam Dorje

e are all products of our times. Everyone＇s life story is a history of his Wtimes and every Tibetan has a life story worth telling. The 20th century was probably the most eventful century in the history of our blue planet. Many historic events came thick and fast. For Tibet, 1951 was amassive year.     

Road Network In Xigaze

In the 13th century, the SagyaRegime put an end to the separatesituation in Tibet, under which theTibetan political and cultural center. Mis-sives and envoys between the SagyaGovernment and the Central Govern-ment were sent via the mountain postroads. It took dozens of days to walkfrom Lhasa to Xigaze, a distance of only228 km. In 1779, the 6th Panchen Erdeniwent to Beijing for the 70th birthday ofQing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong. It tookhim several months to walk from theTashilhungpo Monastery to the TarMonastery in Qinghai, and altogether a     

GLOBAL HISTORY,ENTANGLED AREAS,CULTURAL CONTACTS–AND THE ANCIENT WORLD

正Intertwined Institutions:Slavery as an Example While Global History and Entangled History are nowadays very much focused on modern times,there is a central area in which ancient history has set the pace for research since the 18th century:slavery.Slavery was common in many parts of the world up to the 19th century,it connected regions that were far apart,and it had drastic repercussions on both the"delivering"and the"receiving"areas.The     

Restituting Church Buildings and Negotiating Church Factions： Missionary Mapmakers and the Making of Local Networks （1712-1716）

At the turn of the 18th century, the Kangxi emperor initiated a large project to map the vast territories of the Qing. The land surveys that ensued were executed by teams of Qing officials and European missionaries, most of them French Jesuits first sent to China in 1685 and actively supported by the French crown. Early 18th century Jesuit publications foster a much-heralded claim that these missionary-mapmakers drew on their status of imperial envoys during the surveys to locally advance the position of the Catholic church. This article strives to explore the format/on of such local networks by these missionaries as they passed through the cities and towns of the Chinese provinces. On the basis of archival material, details emerge of contacts with local Qing administrators and Chinese Christians, and of attempts to purchase and recover local churches. This is then discussed against the background of the Rites Controversy, in an attempt to evaluate how such local networks relate to the rivalry between missionaries of different orders. The article emphasizes that there was （and perhaps is） no such thing as ＂pure science＂ by underscoring that important technical achievements such as the Qing mapping project are often shaped by complex networks and historical contingencies.     

Tonglha Zeweng： Master of the Garma GarzePainting School （1）

Garma Garze painting school is one of the three famous painting schools in the Tibetan-inhibited areas (along with Moinze and Qenze painting schools), and was formed in the 15th century. Major master painters of the school include Tonglha Zeweng, who is one of the most outstanding modem painters in the region.     

On the Relationship between the Central Government and the Local Government of Tibet in the Late Qing Dynasty

After the Opium War in 1840, China was more and more semi-colonized. Around the turn of the 20th century, the national strength of the Qing Empire was quickly weakening. As a result, the Qing Court exercised a weaker rule over Tibet, and its political relationship with Tibet was consequently affected. On the problems of how to resist foreign invasions and how to handle Tibet's internal affairs, the Qing Court and     

OVER THE WATER AND ACROSS THE DESERT – TRANS-SAHARAN CONTACTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN THE 6TH AND 5TH CENTURY BC

After presenting the picture of Africa in Mediterranean minds of antiquity,this paper seeks by ways of a combined interpretation of the periplus of Hanno and Herodotus’logos on the Nasamones to investigate Carthaginian and Greek knowledge about the trans-Saharan routes und contacts of the 6th and 5th century BC.Further comparison with recent archaeological discoveries from the Iron Age in Senegal,the Niger Bend and Lake Chad illustrate that these sites were the destination of travellers from the North and that universal geographical theses concerning the course of the river Nile provided fundamental patterns of explanation and orientation for ancient explorers.Finally,it is considered why any further explorations both of the Inner African hinterland and the western seaway around the African continent were suspended in Antiquity.     

西藏改革开放的实践与探索(英文)

<正>1,Historic meaning of the Reform and Opening-up in Tibet The status and destination of a certain object altogether form its historic meaning.To understand reform and opening up in Tibet,we should first understand its historic meaning.There is more than one thousand years’written history in Tibet,and the whole history of Tibet can be summarized into"two summits"and two"four hundred years".The first summit is from early 7th century to mid 8th century when Songtsen Gampo established Tubo Dynasty,communicated with Tang Dynasty,learnt from inland in economic and cultural fields and deepened friendship between Tibetan and Han.     

Six Tibetan Translations of the Ratnagotravibhaga

The Ratnagotravibhaga （abbr. RGV） is one of the most influential texts among Indic works that teach the Buddha-nature doctrine in Tibet. No translation of the text seems to have existed in Tibet before the 11th century, inasmuch as no catalogue of the imperial period （the 9th century）,