Local Policy Responses to Globalization: Place-Based Ownership Models of Economic Enterprise

The destabilizing forces wrought by economic globalization increasingly buffet local communities throughout America. This article explores a local policy strategy for coping with the effects of these forces and restoring some degree of stability to local economies. This strategy entails the creation of place-based ownership models of economic enterprise. With ownership and control held in a more collective or community-oriented fashion, such enterprises tend to anchor or root investment more securely in communities, providing a counterforce to globalization. We present and critically assess six place-based ownership models while providing illustrative examples to demonstrate how each model can work in practice.     

Quantifying Interpolation Errors in Urban Airborne Laser Scanning Models

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is becoming an increasingly popular data capture technique for a variety of applications in urban surface modeling. Raw ALS data are captured and supplied as a 3D point cloud. Many applications require that these data are interpolated onto a regular grid in order that they may be processed. In this article, we identify and analyze the magnitudes and spatial patterning of residuals from ALS models of urban surfaces, at a range of different scales. Previous research has demonstrated the effects of interpolation method and scale upon the nature of error in digital surface models (DSMs), but the size and spatial patterning of such errors have not hitherto been investigated for urban surfaces. The contribution of this analysis is thus to investigate the ways in which different methods may introduce error, and to understand the uncertainty that characterizes urban surface models that are devised for a wide range of applications. The importance of the research is shown using examples of how the different methods may introduce different amounts of error and how the uncertainty information may benefit users of ALS height models. Our analysis uses a range of validation techniques, including split-sample, cross-validation, and jackknifing, to estimate the error created in DSMs of urban areas.     

Testing for Local Spatial Autocorrelation in the Presence of Global Autocorrelation

A fundamental concern of spatial analysts is to find patterns in spatial data that lead to the identification of spatial autocorrelation or association. Further, they seek to identify peculiarities in the data set that signify that something out of the ordinary has occurred in one or more regions. In this paper we provide a statistic that tests for local spatial autocorrelation in the presence of the global autocorrelation that is characteristic of heterogeneous spatial data. After identifying the structure of global autocorrelation, we introduce a new measure that may be used to test for local structure. This new statistic Oi is asymptotically normally distributed and allows for straightforward tests of hypotheses. We provide several numerical examples that illustrate the performance of this statistic and compare it with another measure that does not account for global structure.     

The Construction of Economic Models of Regional and Local Territorial-Production Complexes

A discussion of the use of economic models for the planning of new industrial enterprises or changing the specialization of existing enterprises within industrial complexes. Despite some differences in N. N. Kolosovskiy's definition of a territorial production complex and Walter Isard's definition of an industrial complex, Isard's method of building economic models is found applicable to Soviet conditions.     

Multicollinearity and Parameter Estimation in Simultaneous-Equation Models of Fluvial Systems

Simultaneous-equation statistical models are an attractive method for directly analyzing interactions among components of geomorphic systems. This study demonstrates that the utility of simultaneous-equation analysis is limited for fluvial systems by inherent multicollinearity among hydrologic and morphologic variables. Although multicollinearity for observed data may not be severe, estimation procedures for simultaneous-equation models often enhance this multicollinearity to problematic levels. Diagnostic tests are applied to three models of fluvial systems to illustrate the severity of the problem. It is recommended that investigators who develop simultaneous-equation models perform appropriate diagnostic evaluations to determine the impact of multicollinearity on specific parameter estimates.     

清末两级地方自治中的官治与自治模式

清末地方自治包括府厅州县和城镇乡地方自治两个层级,并建构了两个层级不同的官治与自治模式,即在城镇乡一级实行"以自治辅助官治",而府厅州县则实行"自治与官治合并"之制度。两种模式都借鉴了日本自治制度,但都有所不同。就清末城镇乡地方自治的运行来看,由于地方自治章程赋予官府监督自治之权,也由于自治团体为谋求地方利益,常常也会与官府对立,所以,官治与自治常常处于矛盾冲突之中。     

Politicized Ecology: Local Responses to Mining in Papua New Guinea

Our paper draws on research in two sites where large goldmining projects are located — Misima and Lihir islands in Papua New Guinea. We examine the socio‐economic context in which criticisms of environmental degradation arise. We discuss the social and political meanings embedded in local demands for compensation for environmental damage, drawing attention to the disparities between local Melanesian conceptions of the environment and global, Western ideas that inform international environmentalist criticisms of mining. We dispute the ‘romantic primitivism’ of some environmentalist discourse, using the work of ethno‐ecologists and case studies of specific incidents on these islands, contesting the view that there is a natural conservationist ethic in Melanesia. The image of the ‘noble primitive ecologist’ that some environmentalists appeal to, would in most circumstances be rejected by Melanesians as racist and paternalistic, but is embraced as a strategy in conflicts with mining companies and when making legal claims for compensation. Alliances formed between landowners, environmentalists and western lawyers against mining companies such as BHP and Rio Tinto are based more on shared political ends than on the epistemological consistency of their perceptions of environmental damage from mining. Local Melanesian communities claim sovereignty over all resources and their compensation claims for environmental degradation constitute a new form of resource rent.     

Estimation Bias in Spatial Models with Strongly Connected Weight Matrices

This article shows that, for both spatial lag and spatial error models with strongly connected weight matrices, maximum likelihood estimates of the spatial dependence parameter are necessarily biased downward . In addition, this bias is shown to be present in general Moran tests of spatial dependency. Thus, positive dependencies may often fail to be detected when weight matrices are strongly connected. The analysis begins with a detailed examination of downward bias for the extreme case of maximally connected weight matrices. Results for this case are then extended by continuity to a broader range of (appropriately defined) strongly connected matrices. Finally, a simulated numerical example is presented to illustrate some of the practical consequences of these biases.     

The Global Economic Crisis and Unemployment in China

Two noted academic specialists on labor economics and population statistics of China examine the impacts of the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 on the job security of urban workers, and the ensuing repercussions for the Chinese society and economy. More specifically, they probe and determine the magnitude of urban unemployment in China in 2008 and 2009 as it appears to be reported in different segments of the country's immense labor market. A particular focus of the paper is on differences in unemployment among two groups of workers (those with urban hukou vis-à-vis rural migrant workers) with significantly different sets of rights and privileges, as well as levels of job security. The authors also provide an estimate of the urban unemployment rate in 2009 that differs from the official rate. They argue that measures toward further integration of rural and urban labor markets and reducing natural unemployment are ultimately more beneficial than short-term interventions to adjust cyclical joblessness stemming from the global economic crisis and recession.     

Bayesian Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Spatial Autoregressive Models

A Gibbs sampling (Markov chain Monte Carlo) method for estimating spatial autoregressive limited dependent variable models is presented. The method can accommodate data sets containing spatial outliers and general forms of non‐constant variance. It is argued that there are several advantages to the method proposed here relative to that proposed and illustrated in McMillen (1992) for spatial probit models.     

《太平经合校》标点拾误(一)

《太平经》是东汉中后期的一部口语体著作,对这一时期的语言研究具有不可替代的资料价值。原书现已残缺,由王明先生整理而成的《太平经合校》是目前研究该书思想、语言唯一可以利用的本子．但《合校》志在辑补。标点小道．或不在意,本文列举其中标点错误三百余条．以就正于方家,或于是书整理有所补益。     

《楚辞补注》校点举正

南宋洪兴祖的《楚辞补注》是现存最重要的楚辞古注之一,其传世版本众多。中华书局在1983年排印出版了《补注》的点校本,该点校本以毛氏汲古阁刻本为底本,由白化文先生等人负责整理。本文通过比勘《补注》的各种版本,同时参校其他相关典籍,列出点校本中存在的校点问题三十多处,以就正于方家。     

《谢榛全集》辩误（续二）

本指出《谢榛全集》主要讹误：《前言》8处,序跋之编辑及字体辨识、断句36处．正校勘、标点105处．附录校勘、标点21处,误作佚诗重收24首、佚诗而漏收7首,佚校勘不审4则,其它问题4条。同时．也对自己的失误予以检讨、自纠。正人且正己．其意在有裨于端正学风．促进谢榛及明“后七子”的整理和研究。     

《谢榛全集》辨误

本指出《谢榛全集》主要讹误：《前言》8处,序跋之编辑及字体辨识、断句36处,正校、勘、标点105处,附录校勘、标点21处、误作佚诗重收24首、佚诗而漏收7首,佚校勘不审4则,其它问题4条。同时,也对自己的失误予以检讨、自纠。正人且正已,其意在有裨于端正学风,促进谢榛及明“后七子”的整理和研究。     

《谢榛全集》辨误（续一）

本指出《谢榛全集》主要讹误：《前言》8处,序跋之编辑及字体辨识、断句36处,正校、勘、标点105处,附录校勘、标点21处、误作佚诗重收24首,佚诗而漏收7首,佚校勘不审4则,其它问题4条。同时,也对自己的失误予以检讨、自纠。正人且正己,其意在有裨于端正学风,促进谢榛及明“后七子”的整理和研究。     

Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Linear and Log-Linear Dynamic Models for Spatial Panels

This article hammers out the estimation of a fixed effects dynamic panel data model extended to include either spatial error autocorrelation or a spatially lagged dependent variable. To overcome the inconsistencies associated with the traditional least-squares dummy estimator, the models are first-differenced to eliminate the fixed effects and then the unconditional likelihood function is derived taking into account the density function of the first-differenced observations on each spatial unit. When exogenous variables are omitted, the exact likelihood function is found to exist. When exogenous variables are included, the pre-sample values of these variables and thus the likelihood function must be approximated. Two leading cases are considered: the Bhargava and Sargan approximation and the Nerlove and Balestra approximation. As an application, a dynamic demand model for cigarettes is estimated based on panel data from 46 U.S. states over the period from 1963 to 1992.