透彻心扉的的悲凉——读老舍《骆驼祥子》对祥子命运悲剧的分析

老舍先生在《骆驼祥子》中创造出了一系列经典的城市贫民形象,完整地展示了城市贫民的悲剧命运,深刻地揭示了经济贫困是悲剧的根本原因,从而把批判的矛头直接指向不公平、不合理的现实社会。用感人的笔触对造成悲剧的社会进行了无情批判。     

透彻心扉的的悲凉——读老舍《骆驼祥子》对祥子命运悲剧的分析

老舍先生在《骆驼祥子》中创造出了一系列经典的城市贫民形象,完整地展示了城市贫民的悲剧命运,深刻地揭示了经济贫困是悲剧的根本原因,从而把批判的矛头直接指向不公平、不合理的现实社会,用感人的笔触对造成悲剧的社会进行了无情批判。     

近代天津城市贫民阶层的形成及其时代性原因

城市贫民古已有之,但是传统时代的城市贫民以城市自身析离出来的贫困群体为主,近代城市贫民的来源显然迥异于传统时代。以天津为例,在20世纪20年代末形成了一个数量庞大的贫民阶层,这一阶层不仅包含城市自身析离出来的失业、无业者,还包含大量入城的农民、灾民、难民、兵匪,以及一些外籍贫民等。这一方面源于近代社会变迁中,城乡背离化发展的结构性原因,另一方面与近代社会财富分配不均及保障制度的残缺密切相关。此外,天津城市本身还蕴含着一些特殊的因子。     

新中国初期中国共产党扶助贫民生产的工作方法

扶助贫民生产是新中国初期中国共产党在社会救济工作中始终探索的救济方式。扶助贫民生产,不仅可以节约国家财政支出,还可以将"消费者变成生产者,救济户变成自给户",使贫民能够自食其力改善生活,并为城市经济的恢复与发展做出贡献。因此,党在扶助贫民生产的工作中,侧重通过调查研究、宣传政策、理论学习与检查纠错等方式,对救济工作的方法不断调整与改进,最终取得了良好的效果。     

真实的震憾--论文学的真实性与祥子形象的塑造

一个作品的最终价值要通过它所反映现实生活的真实程度来体现。要真正做到理解一个人物形象,就要从理解它的真实性入手,看它是否为我们展示了一个真实的主观世界或客观世界。现代作家老舍在他的代表作 《骆驼祥子》中,塑造了祥子这个城市贫民的典型形象,既反映了当时社会生活中城市贫民的真实形象,为我们刻画出整个社会的状态,同时也反映出了作者面对黑暗社会苦苦寻求出路时内心痛苦而真实感受,正是这种真实的刻画,实现了作品存在的价值,并使作品产生了震憾人心的效果。一、作者与作品背景介绍二、人物形象分析三、艺术分析与评价     

市民世界中的文化反思

在老舍的市民世界中,活跃着老派市民、新派市民、正派市民以及城市贫民四种不同类型的市民。老舍深刻地写出了这个市民世界为了“生活”而经受的苦难,又直逼他们的精神世界,对这种文化中的痼疾进行了解构。     

浅议英国都铎时期的感化院

都铎王朝是英国社会转型时期,受圈地运动、价格革命和宗教改革等一系列因素的影响,英国社会出现大量居无定所、无所事事的贫困人口,造成严重的社会问题。在一系列惩罚性措施效果不佳的情况下,为了更有效地维护社会稳定,英国各郡陆续建立了感化院。感化院改变了先前单纯的惩罚政策,通过收容并强制劳动,初步解决了贫民四处流浪问题,但其管理方式也使贫民望而却步。     

北宋开封的慈善收容机构

开封作为北宋的京都,是当时全国最大的城市,人口多达百万以上,由此产生诸多社会问题,其一就是许多贫民生活无着或流落街头,为此,北宋政府设置了专门的机构来收容那些处于社会最底层的贫民。北宋开封的收容机构大致分三类。第一类叫福田院,以收养乞丐为主。“福田”是佛教用语,佛教徒相信“轮回报应”,认为积德行善会使自己得到好的回报,而行善的具体表现之一就是救济穷人,这种施贫救苦当然会使“行者得福”,就如种田会有收获一样。因此,凡有施贫救苦等善举者皆称“福田”。这一佛教用语后来就成为北宋收容机构的名称。开封的福田院建于北宋…     

重新挖掘鲁迅笔下的杨荫榆

鲁迅笔下的杨荫榆是反动的,而将杨荫榆的一生及其活动与其所处的社会环境结合起来,反映了杨荫榆悲剧的一生,她的悲剧是时代的悲剧、社会的悲剧和民族的悲剧。     

父爱的悲剧

《高老头》作为巴尔扎克批判现实主义最著名的作品之一,在《人间喜剧》里占据着重要的地位,它深刻地反映了复辟王朝的法国社会中,在金钱统治与拜金主义风行下所导致的一幕幕人间悲剧和惨案。《高老头》父爱的悲剧,即是一个典型的悲剧缩影。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the