Women and Pakistan International Airlines in Ayub Khan's Pakistan

ABSTRACT

This article weaves together several unique circumstances that inadvertently created spaces for women to emerge away from the traditional roles of womanhood ascribed to them in Pakistan. It begins by tracing the emergence of the Pakistan International Airlines as a national carrier that provided an essential glue to the two wings of Pakistan. Operating in the backdrop of nascent nationhood, the airline opens an opportunity for the new working women in Pakistan. Based on first-hand accounts provided by former female employees,¹1. Seven interviews were conducted with former female employees of PIA. This was part of a larger project funded by GHF. and supplementing it with official documents, newspaper reports and the advertising used for marketing at the time, it seeks to provide an illuminating insight into the early history of women in Pakistan. While the use of women as markers of modernity and propaganda is not new,²2. David Willmer, ‘Women as participants in the Pakistan movement: Modernization and the promise of a moral state’, Modern Asian Studies, xxx (1996), 573–90. here within the context of Cold War and American cultural diplomacy, the ‘modernist’ vision of the Ayub-era in Pakistan (1958–1969), and its accompanying jet-age provide a unique lens through which to explore the changing role of women. The article showcases a different approach to understanding the so-called ‘golden age’ of Pakistani history: a neglected area of the international history on Pakistan, which is far too often one-dimensional.³3. An exception being Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? (London, 1987).     

Progiraffa (Artiodactyla: Ruminantia: Giraffidae) from the Lower Siwalik Subgroup (Miocene) of Pakistan

Aftab, K., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, Z. & Akhtar, M., February 2016. Progiraffa (Artiodactyla: Ruminantia: Giraffidae) from the Lower Siwalik Subgroup (Miocene) of Pakistan. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

Previously, Progiraffa exigua has been reported only from the Kamlial Formation (ca 18.3–14.2 Ma) of the Siwalik Group. We record Progiraffa exigua from the Lower Siwalik Subgroup at five localities: Jaba, Chinji Rest House, Rakh Wasnal, Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon and Ghungrila, Pakistan, thus extending the range of P. exigua to the Chinji Formation of the Siwalik Group (ca 14.2–11.2 Ma).

Kiran Aftab [kiranaftab2012@gmail.com], Zaheer Ahmad [dr.zaheerahmed11@yahoo.com], Zoology Department, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan; Muhammad Akbar Khan [akbaar111@yahoo.ca], Muhammad Akhtar [drakhtarfdrc@hotmail.com], Dr Abu Bakr Fossil Display & Research Centre, Zoology Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.     

Book Notes

Per Lindskog and Jan Lundqvist, Why Poor Children Stay Sick. The Human Ecology of Child Health and Welfare in Rural Malawi. Research report no. 85. Uppsala: Nico Vink, The Telenovela and Emancipation: A Study on TV and Social Change in Brazil. Amsterdam: Rashid Amjad (ed.), To the Gulf and Back: Studies on the Economic Impact of Asian Labour Migration. New Delhi: Krishnalekha Sood, Trade and Economic Development; India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, New Delhi: ILO-ARTEP, Employment and Structural Change in Indian Industries: John A. Dixon, Richard A. Carpenter, Louise A. Fallon, Paul B. Sherman and Supachit Manipomoke, Economic Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Development Projects. London: David C. Gordon, Images of the West: Third World Perspectives. Savage, MD:     

From Partisan Universal to Concrete Universal? The Pashtun Tahaffuz Movement in Pakistan

This paper explores the question of universal-particular through the anti-war Pashtun Tahaffuz (Protection) Movement in Pakistan. With its demands couched in the language of pain, rights to life and “dignity”, the PTM mobilises popular Pashtun sentiments as a “partisan universal”: a political formulation which achieves the common good even as it attends to particular interests. However, within the re-formulated urban question in post-9/11 Pakistan, PTM also attempts to make common cause with other ethnic-spatial communities through shared—but situated and differentiated—experiences of dispossession. Thus, the PTM’s “dialectic of experience” is a partisan universal in search of a “concrete universal”: a non-totalising but encompassing and open universality, a universal politics which works through the particularity of specific groups’ experiences. It is in this terrain of political practice, and its attendant theoretical articulations, that we will find the—contingent and processual—resolution of the transition from particularity to universality.     

Gazella (Bovidae,Ruminantia) remains from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan

Khan, M.A., Babar, M.A., Akhtar, M., Iliopoulos, G., Rakha, A. & Noor, T., November 2015. Gazella (Bovidae, Ruminantia) remains from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

New gazelle fossils are described from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan. The material includes horncores, maxilla and mandible fragments, and isolated teeth. The available samples are assigned to three Gazella species: Gazella sp. in the Lower Siwalik Subgroup (ca 14.2–11.2 Ma), and G. lydekkeri and G. superba in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup (ca 10.2–3.4 Ma). Based on a review of the Siwalik Group gazelles, G. padriensis is synonymized with G. lydekkeri. Gazella superba Pilgrim, 1939 sensu stricto is a large form and is a valid species of the genus in the Siwalik Group.

Muhammad Akbar Khan [akbaar111@yahoo.ca], Muhammad Adeeb Babar [babar_fcc2005@yahoo.com], Muhammad Akhtar [drakhtarfdrc@hotmail.com], Allah Rakha [babar.441@googlemail.com], Tuba Noor [akbar.zool@pu.edu.pk], Abu Bakr Fossil Display & Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Quid-e-Azam Campus, Punjab University (54590), Lahore, Pakistan; George Iliopoulos [borelakias@gmail.com], Geology Department of the University of Patras, Patras, Greece.     

Wellington and the Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818

MARCEL BEARTH. Weizen, Waffen und Kredite fur den Indischen Subkontinent: Die amerikanische Südasienpolitik unter Präsident Johnson im Dilemma zwischen Indien und Pakistan, 1963–1969. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. Pp. vii, 323. DM 64

H.W. BRANDS. India and the United States: The Cold Peace. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Pp. xii, 195. $25.95 (US)> cloth; $10.95 (US), paper

DENNIS MERRILL. Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947–1963. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Pp. xiv, 282. $39.95 (US).     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Les Back and John Solomos (eds.), Theories of Race and Racism: a Reader. Erik J. Zuercher, Turkey: a Modern History (2nd edn). Charles van der Leeuw, Storm over the Caucasus: In the Wake of Independence. George Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians. A Handbook. Leokadia Drobizheva et al. (eds.), Ethnic Conflict in the Post‐Soviet World. Case Studies and Analysis. George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Sikata Banerjee, Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India. Joanna McKay, The Official Concept of the Nation in the Former GDR: Theory, Pragmatism and the Search for Legitimacy. Walter A. Kemp, Nationalism and Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. A Basic Contradiction? J. A. Mangan (ed.), Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon – Aryan Fascism. Iftikhar Malik, Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan. Kjell Blückert, The Church as Nation: A Study in Ecclesiology and Nationhood. Senia Paseta, Before the Revolution: Nationalism, Social Change and Ireland's Catholic Elite, 1879–1922. Zlatko Skrbis, Long‐distance Nationalism, Diasporas, Homelands and Identities. A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries.     

Devonian trilobites from the Shogrām Formation,Kurāgh,Chitral (NW Pakistan)

Late Devonian trilobites from horizons close to the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the Shogrām Formation at Kurāgh, Chitral (NW Pakistan) are described. A new species of Asteropyginae, Neocalmonia chitralensis sp. nov., and a new subpecies, Neocalmonia batillifera orientalis subsp. nov., are described; these extend the range of Asteropyginae eastwards from Iran and southern Afghanistan. The Upper Kellwasser Event is located within KUR 19 of Talent et al. (1999).     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Review in this Articles Bibliographie zum Erziehungs- and Bildungswesen in den Lãndern des muslimischen Orients. Land Policy in Colonial Algeria: The Origins of the Rural Public Domain. By John Ruedy. National Development and Local Reform: Political Participation in Morocco, Tunisia and Pakistan. By Douglas E. Ashford. Morocco. By Nevill Barbour. American Interests in Syria: 1800–1901. By A. L. Tibawi. Political Parties In Lebanon. By Michael W. Suleiman. The Arab Ba^cth Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. By Kamel S. Abu-Jaber. Arabic Language Handbook. By Mary Catherine Bateson. Spoken Arabic of Baghdad, VoL II. By R J. McCarthy, S.J., and Faraj Raffouli. Christianity in Tropical Africa, edited with an introduction by C. G. Baëta.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno, International Relations theory and the Asia‐Pacific Mark B. Salter, Barbarians and civilisation in international relations Philip Allott, The health of nations: society and law beyond the state Morten Bøås and Desmond McNeill, Multilateral institutions: a critical introduction Vassilis K. Fouskas, Zones of conflict: US foreign policy in the Balkans and the greater Middle East Thomas L. Friedman, Longitudes and attitudes: exploring the world after September 11 John Pinder and Yuri Shishkov, The EU and Russia: the promise of partnership Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Turbulent peace: the challenges of managing international conflict Tobias Debiel with Axel Klein, Fragile peace: state failure, violence and development in crisis regions Jolyon Howorth and John T.S. Keeler, Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the quest for European autonomy Paul K. Huth and Todd L. Allee, The democratic peace and territorial conflict in the twentieth century Patrick M. Morgan, Deterrence now P. W. Singer, Corporate warriors: the rise of the privatized military industry Eytan Gilboa, Media and conflict: framing issues, making policy, shaping opinion Walter Lacqueur, No end to war: terrorism in the twenty‐first century Fareed Zakaria, The future of freedom: illiberal democracy at home and abroad Elizabeth Sleeman, International who's who 2004 Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam under siege: living dangerously in a post‐honor world Richard D. Lewis, The cultural imperative: global trends in the 21st century Amin Saikal, Islam and the West: conflict or cooperation? Sami Zubaida, Law and power in the Islamic world By. Graham Bird, The IMF and the future: issues and options facing the Fund Barry Eichengreen, Financial crises and what to do about them United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World investment report 2002: transnational corporations and export competitiveness Elizabeth R. DeSombre, The global environment and world politics: International Relations for the 21^st century Paul F. Steinberg, Environmental leadership in developing countries: transnational relations and biodiversity policy in Costa Rica and Bolivia Carolyn L. Deere and Daniel C. Esty, Greening the Americas: NAFTA's lessons for hemispheric trade Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne and János Rainer, The 1956 Hungarian revolution: a history in documents Christoph Bluth, The two Germanies and military security in Europe Philip E. Catton, Diem's final failure: prelude to America's war in Vietnam Tibor Frank, Discussing Hitler. Advisers of US diplomacy in Central Europe, 1934–1941 Anthony Glees, The Stasi files: East Germany's secret operations against Britain Keith Kyle, Suez: Britain's end of empire in the Middle East Julian Lewis, Changing direction: British military planning for post‐war strategic defence, 1942–1947 Richard Mayne, In victory, magnanimity: in peace, goodwill: a history of Wilton Park Robert McNamara, Britain, Nasser and the balance of power in the Middle East 1952–1967 Steven Merritt Miner, Stalin's holy war: religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945 Sophie Quinn‐Judge, Ho Chi Minh: the missing years (1911–1941) Gary Sheffield and Geoffrey Till, The challenges of high command: the British experience Florian Bieber and Zidas Daskalovski, Understanding the war in Kosovo Ali Çarko?lu and Barry Rubin, Turkey and the European Union: domestic politics, economic integration and international dynamics Alan J. Day, Roger East and Richard Thomas, A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe Tom Gallagher, The Balkans after the Cold War: from tyranny to tragedy Kemal Kurspahic, Prime time crime: Balkan media in war and peace David Bruce MacDonald, Balkan holocausts? Serbian and Croatian victim‐centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia Sandra Lavenex and Emek M. Uçarer, Migration and the externalities of European integration Marko Lehti and David Smith, Post‐Cold War identity politics: northern and Baltic experiences Pami Aalto, Constructing post‐Soviet geopolitics in Estonia Anatol Lieven and Dmitri Trenin, Ambivalent neighbors: the EU, NATO and the price of membership J. H. H. Weiler, Iain Begg and John Peterson, Integration in an expanding European Union: reassessing the fundamentals Dale R. Herspring, Putin's Russia: past imperfect, future uncertain Ted Hopf, Social construction of international politics: identities and foreign policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999 Necati Polat, Boundary issues in Central Asia Mark Downes, Iran's unresolved revolution Alan George, Syria. Neither bread nor freedom Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent E. Sasley, Redefining security in the Middle East Owen Bennett Jones, Pakistan: eye of the storm Christophe Jaffrelot, Pakistan: nationalism without nation Rajat Ganguly and Ian MacDuff, Ethnic conflict and secessionism in South and Southeast Asia E. J. Dionne Jr. and William Kristol, Bush v. Gore. The court cases and the commentary Bruce Ackerman, Bush v. Gore. The question of legitimacy Ido Oren, Our enemies and US: America's rivalries and the making of political science Monica Herz and João Pontes Nogueira, Ecuador vs. Peru: peacemaking amid rivalry Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, Colombia: fragmented land, divided society     

Diplomacy in South Asia: a four-step grand plan for Kashmir

ABSTRACT

In this Commentary, I propose a bold, four-step plan which would address the question of self-determination for Kashmiris and hopefully resolve permanently the 70-year-old Kashmir issue which has poisoned Indo-Pakistan relations since Partition. Two important elements of this plan would be: first, the involvement of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group to assist Kashmiris, Pakistan and India in the mediation of the plan; and, second, the holding of four UN-supervised referenda which would be held simultaneously but counted separately: Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir; Kashmir valley; Jammu; and Ladakh. All Kashmiris would have three options: Join Pakistan, Join India or independence. As an incentive to India and Pakistan, the international community would deliver substantial economic assistance for the development of all parts of Kashmir. But as a quid pro quo for the economic aid package, there would have to be guaranteed free movement of people, capital and goods between all parts of Kashmir after the referenda, regardless as to which option had been chosen by the Kashmiris.     

Abdul Ghaffar Khan: An Islamic Gandhi

Abstract

Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a mid-twentieth-century Pashtun of the Northwest Frontier Region known as the "Frontier Gandhi" or the "Islamic Gandhi." His career was marked by rejection of the badal blood feud, and the belligerent Pashtun tribal code. Accepting instead a non-violent interpretation of Islam, Khan was heavily influenced by Mohandas K. Gandhi, and came to interpret the heart of Islam, including the concepts of jihad, as essentially about peace, service, and non-violence. Khan traveled widely in the frontier region that later became Pakistan, and his most significant achievement was to raise a non-violent army of Khudai Khidmatgars or "Servants of God" from his own Pashtun people. His legacy is important to further understand a non-violent alternative of Islamic political resistance.     

Military dominance in Pakistan and China–Pakistan relations

ABSTRACT

The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has been touted as the centrepiece of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the key to its strategic partnership with Pakistan. Notwithstanding claims about the CPEC’s economic potential, however, Islamabad’s economy continues to be dire. This article attempts to better understand the ramifications of Pakistan’s economic viability and its consequences for China. It does so by examining China–Pakistan relations from the lens of Pakistan’s civil–military relations, paying attention in particular to what the Pakistan Armed Forces (PMA)’s domestic dominance means for China’s interests, including economic interests, in Pakistan. We suggest that PMA preponderance and its attendant influence on the country’s economic performance bring another dimension to interpreting Sino-Pakistani relations. As Beijing’s most trusted political partner in Pakistan, the PMA’s local dominance has considerable benefits for China, particularly in the security and political aspects of its interests. However, this dominance also entails a number of complications for Chinese economic interests, a factor that has implications for the future of China’s CPEC investments and their financial sustainability.     

The archaeobotany of Indian pulses: identification,processing and evidence for cultivation

Abstract

Pulses are a significant component of traditional subsistence in South Asia. Reliable identification criteria for identifying these from archaeological seed remains are reviewed. The botanical evidence relating to the wild progenitors and their distribution, especially of Indian natives (Macrotyloma uniflorum, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo) is summarised, including new evidence from primary botanical research. The problem of seed size increase in pulses is reviewed through a focused study on Vigna spp., in which it is shown that seed enlargement is delayed by 1–2,000 years after initial cultivation. The taphonomy of archaeological pulses is considered in the context of crop-processing of pulses, in which an important distinction can be drawn between free-threshing and pod-threshing types. The total archaeobotanical record for pulses in South Asia (India and Pakistan) is summarised and key regional differences are highlighted.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. International Relations theory Realist strategies of republican peace: Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and the politics of patriotic dissent. By Vibeke Schou Tjalve. Critique, security and power: the political limits to emancipatory approaches. By Tara McCormack. International law, human rights and ethics * * See also Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Worse than war: genocide, eliminationism and the ongoing assault on humanity, pp. 551–2; Amartya Sen, The idea of justice, and Reiko Gotoh and Paul Dumouchel, eds, Against injustice: the new economics of Amartya Sen, pp. 560–1.
The perils of global legalism. By Eric A. Posner. The torture memos: rationalizing the unthinkable. Edited by David Cole. The Guantanamo effect: exposing the consequences of US detention and interrogation practices. By Laurel E. Fletcher and Eric Stover. Beyond corporate social responsibility: oil multinationals and social challenges. By Jedrzej George Frynas. Civilising globalisation: human rights and the global economy. By David Kinley. International organization and foreign policy When empire meets nationalism: power politics in the US and Russia. By Didier Chaudet, Florent Parmentier and Benoît Pélopidas. Conflict, security and defence Worse than war: genocide, eliminationism and the ongoing assault on humanity. By Daniel Jonah Goldhagen. The defence of the realm: the authorized history of MI5. By Christopher Andrew. The accidental guerrilla: fighting small wars in the midst of a big one. By David Kilcullen. First do no harm: humanitarian intervention and the destruction of Yugoslavia. By David N. Gibbs. How wars end. By Dan Reiter. Governance, civil society and cultural politics The life and death of democracy. By John Keane. Democracy kills: what's so good about the vote?. By Humphrey Hawksley. Political economy, economics and development The idea of justice. By Amartya Sen. Against injustice: the new economics of Amartya Sen. Edited by Reiko Gotoh and Paul Dumouchel. The politics of global regulation. Edited by Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods. The creation and destruction of value: the globalization cycle. By Harold James. Misadventures of the most favored nations: clashing egos, inflated ambitions, and the great shambles of the world trade system. By Paul Blustein. Rights and legal empowerment in eradicating poverty. Edited by Dan Banik. Energy, resources and environment Energy and climate change: Europe at the crossroads. By David Buchan. History German unification, 1989–1990: Documents on British Policy Overseas, series III, volume VII. Edited by Patrick Salmon, Keith Hamilton and Stephen Twigge. Europe * * See also David Buchan, Energy and climate change: Europe at the crossroads, pp. 566–7.
What's so eastern about Eastern Europe? By Leon Marc. The new old world. By Perry Anderson. Russia and Eurasia Russia and the challengers: Russian alignment with China, Iran and Iraq in the unipolar era. By Helen Belopolsky. Russia as an aspiring Great Power in East Asia: perceptions and policies from Yeltsin to Putin. By Paradorn Rangsimaporn. Middle East and North Africa Saving Iraq: rebuilding a broken nation. By Nemir Kirdar. Khatami's Iran: the Islamic Republic and the turbulent path to reform. By Ghoncheh Tazmini. The Middle East: a beginner's guide. By Philip Robins. Sub‐Saharan Africa Eritrea's external relations: understanding its regional role and foreign policy. Edited by Richard Reid. Africa: unity, sovereignty and sorrow. By Pierre Englebert. After Mandela: the battle for the soul of South Africa. By Alec Russell. South Africa's brave new world: the beloved country since the end of apartheid. By R. W. Johnson. Asia and Pacific Making sense of Pakistan. By Farzana Shaikh. Inside Central Asia: a political and cultural history of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran. By Dilip Hiro. Speaking like a state: language and nationalism in Pakistan. By Alyssa Ayres. To live or to perish forever: two tumultuous years in Pakistan. By Nicholas Schmidle. The limits of influence: America's role in Kashmir. By Howard B. Schaffer. China from the inside out: fitting the People's Republic into the world. By Ronald C. Keith. China's international behavior: activism, opportunism, and diversification. By Evan S. Medeiros. North America * * See also David Cole, ed., The torture memos: rationalizing the unthinkable, and Laurel E. Fletcher and Eric Stover, The Guantanamo effect: exposing the consequences of US detention and interrogation practices, pp. 546–8.
The limits of power: the end of American exceptionalism. By Andrew Bacevich. American foreign policy and the politics of fear: threat inflation since 9/11. Edited by A. Trevor Thrall and Jane K. Cramer. By his own rules: the ambitions, successes, and ultimate failures of Donald Rumsfeld. By Bradley Graham. Latin America and Caribbean Death squads or self‐defense forces? How paramilitary groups emerge and challenge demo cracy in Latin America. By Julie Mazzei. Beyond neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and politics at the crossroads. Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn and Kenneth M. Roberts. Our place in the sun: Canada and Cuba in the Castro era. Edited by Robert Wright and Lana Wylie.     

Making of the Seventh NWS: Historiography of the Beginning of the Nuclear Disorder in South Asia

ABSTRACT

Efforts to explore Pakistan's nuclear weapons options had been underway since 1972 alongside Pakistan's quest for nuclear energy. However, the American concerns about Pakistan developing a nuclear weapons capability did not surface until after the Indian test in May 1974. The Indian nuclear test marked the beginning of the nuclear disorder in South Asia and paved way for Pakistan's nuclearization. This article assesses US non-proliferation policy towards Pakistan under the Gerald Ford administration from 1974 to 1977. The administration attempted to curb Pakistan's latent proliferation potential by pressuring France and Pakistan to cancel their plutonium reprocessing agreement. Though it remained unsuccessful in its attempts to restrain Pakistan's nuclear development, the administration tried to develop a quid pro quo with Pakistan by pushing the country to choose military aid over bomb. Pakistan chose the bomb for it felt that US non-proliferation policy in South Asia was skewed in favor of India.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International systems in world history: remaking the study of International Relations N. J. Rengger, International Relations, political theory and the problem of order: beyond International Relations theory? Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell, Hedley Bull on international society Michael Cox, Tim Dunne and Ken Booth The interregnum: controversies in world politics 1989–1999 Vivienne Jabri and Eleanor O'Gorman, Women, culture and International Relations K. R. Dark, Religion and international relations Albert J. Paolini, Anthony Elliott and Anthony Moran, Navigating modernity: postcolonialism, identity and International Relations D. S. L. Jarvis, International Relations and the challenge of postmodernism: defending the discipline Sarah Owen Vanderslius, The state and identity construction in International Relations David Campbell and Michael J. Shapiro, Moral spaces: rethinking ethics and world politics Andrew Valls, Ethics in international affairs: theories and cases Mathias Albert, Lothar Brock and Klaus Dieter Wolf, Civilizing world politics: society and community beyond the state Gregory H. Fox and Brad R. Roth, Democratic governance and international law Marco Sassòli and Antoine A. Bouvier, How does law protect in war? Cases, documents and teaching materials on contemporary practice in international humanitarian law Philip Alston and James Crawford, The future of UN human rights treaty monitoring Stephen Ryan, The United Nations and international politics Robert O'Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams Contesting global governance: multilateral institutions and global social movements Geoff Simons, Imposing economic sanctions: legal remedy or genocidal tool? Daniel W., Drezner, The sanctions paradox: economic statecraft and international relations David, Cortwright and George A. Lopez, The sanctions decade: assessing UN strategies in the 1990s Jack Snyder, From voting to violence: democratization and nationalist conflict Michael D. Swaine and Ashley J. Tellis, Interpreting China's grand strategy: past, present and future Brigid Starkey, Mark A. Boyer and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Negotiating a complex world: an introduction to international negotiation Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Herding cats: multiparty mediation in a complex world Christopher Mitchell, Gestures of conciliation: factors contributing to successful olive branches Colin Gray, Modern strategy Pierre Pascallon, L'Alliance Atlantique et l'OTAN, 1949–1999: un demi‐siècle de succès Anand Menon, France, NATO and the limits of independence, 1981–97: the politics of ambivalence Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O'Hanlon, Winning ugly: NATO's war to save Kosovo Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, New nukes: India, Pakistan and global nuclear disarmament Anthony Giddens, The Third Way and its critics Andrew Gamble and Tony Wright, The new social democracy Joel Krieger, British politics in the global age: can social democracy survive? Alexander J. Motyl, Revolutions, nations, empires: conceptual limits and theoretical possibilities Martin van Creveld, The rise and decline of the state Christian Joppke, Immigration and the nation‐state: the United States, Germany and Great Britain David Beetham, Democracy and human rights Marc F. Plattner and Joao Carlos Espada, The democratic invention Julie A. Mertus, Kosovo: how myths and truths started a war Aili Mari Tripp, Women and politics in Uganda Alan Rugman, The end of globalization: a new and radical analysis of globalization and what it means for business Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: a critical introduction Randall D. Germain, Globalization and its critics: perspectives from political economy Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Global futures: shaping globalization Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods, Inequality, globalization and world politics Martin Shaw, Politics and globalisation: knowledge, ethics and agency Farhang Rajaee, Globalization on trial: the human condition and the information civilization Graham Dunkley, The free trade adventure: the WTO, the Uruguay Round and globalism: a critique Paul Krugman, The return of depression economics David Pearce and Edward B. Barbier, Blueprint for a sustainable economy Steinar Andresen, Tora Skodvin, Arild Underdal and Jorgen Wettestad Science and politics in international environmental regimes: between integrity and involvement Alexander Carius and Kurt M. Lietzmann, Environmental change and security: a European perspective Jon Hutton and Barnabas Dickson, Endangered species, threatened convention: the past, present and future of CITES Graham Dutfield, Intellectual property rights, trade and biodiversity Mohamed Suliman, Ecology, politics and violent conflict William Walker, Nuclear entrapment: THORP and the politics of commitment Jonathan Krueger, International trade and the Basel Convention Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: reexamining the life and legacy of America's most hated senator Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français. Tome 1: Les risques de l'escalade Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français. Tome 2: Les vertiges du sommet Michael Cox, E. H. Carr: a critical appraisal Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe Mehmet Ugur, The European Union and Turkey: an anchor/credibility dilemma Henry McDonald, Trimble Peter H. Merkl, The Federal Republic of Germany at fifty: the end of a century of turmoil Klaus Larres and Elizabeth Meehan, Uneasy allies: British–German relations and European integration since 1945 Anton Pelinka and Sieglinde Rosenberger, Österreichische Politik: Grundlagen, Strukturen, Trends Peter Pelinka, Österreichs Kanzler: Von Leopold Figl bis Wolfgang Schüssel Nebojsa Popov, The road to war in Serbia: trauma and catharsis Joseph Gibbs, Gorbachev's glasnost: the Soviet media in the first phase of perestroika Dov Lynch, Russian peacekeeping strategies in the CIS: the cases of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan Nikolai Sokov, Russian strategic modernization: past and future Marta Dyczok, Ukraine: movement without change, change without movement Taras Kuzio, Robert Kravchuk and Paul D'Anieri, State and institution building in Ukraine Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk and Taras Kuzio, Politics and society in Ukraine Sherman W. Garnett and Robert Legvold, Belarus at the crossroads Yelena Kalyuzhnova and Dov Lynch, The Euro‐Asian World: a period of transition Benny Morris, Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist–Arab Conflict 1881–1999 Aharon Klieman, Compromising Palestine: a guide to final status negotiations Nasser M. Kalawoun, The struggle for Lebanon: a modern history of Lebanese–Egyptian relations Patrick Bond, Elite transition: from apartheid to neoliberalism in South Africa Martin, Meredith, Coming to terms: South Africa's search for truth Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg and Dennis Kux, India and Pakistan: the first fifty years Kris Olds, Peter Dicken, Philip F. Kelly, Lily Kong and Henry Wai‐chung Yeung Globalisation and the Asia‐Pacific: contested territories Alvin Y. So, Hong Kong's embattled democracy: a societal analysis Steven Kull and I. M. Destler, Misreading the public: the myth of a new isolationism Michael Janeway, Republic of denial: press, politics, and public life Marcelo Pollack, The new right in Chile, 1973–97 Peter M. Siavelis, The President and Congress in postauthoritarian Chile: institutional constraints to democratic consolidation Mark Ensalaco, Chile under Pinochet: recovering the truth Cynthia J. Arnson, Comparative peace processes in Latin America Peter R. Kingstone, Crafting coalitions for reform: business preferences, political institutions, and neoliberal reform in Brazil     

Ajrakh: From Caste Dress to Catwalk

Ajrakh is a double-sided, block-printed textile worn as caste dress by cattle herders in the desert regions of Kachchh and Thar in north-west India and Sindh in Pakistan, where it is made by Khatri artisans. Readily identified by its distinctive combination of geometric and floral designs, traditional ajrakh is notably printed on both sides of the cloth and is dyed with indigo and madder. In the past forty years ajrakh has not only been transformed from a rustic block print into a popular fashion fabric, it has also become the signature cloth of the Khatri communities at Dhamadka and Ajrakhpur in Kachchh and is their most successful product. This article analyses the interventions that led to the successful adaptation of ajrakh as a regional product to a modern design milieu. It discusses early government initiatives that resulted in the introduction of artisan-designer collaborations in the 1970s, as well as later design developments that were led by Indian and foreign entrepreneurs. It traces the continuing trajectory of ajrakh from rural western India to the catwalks of New Delhi, Mumbai and beyond. Case studies of three fashion companies illuminate the factors that have influenced the commercial ascent of ajrakh. This textile is also considered in respect of recent initiatives to organise and protect the craft sector by the Government of India and by non-governmental organisations. In a final section, the article appraises the value of ajrakh as both a successful commodity and a cultural asset.     

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Analysis of a protohistoric net from Shahi Tump,Baluchistan (Pakistan)

The fire that partly destroyed a 4th millennium BCE building at Shahi Tump in the Kech Valley of south-western Pakistan is responsible for the exceptional preservation by carbonisation of a net found on the burnt floor as a heap of entangled cords and knots. Macro- and microscopic observation has allowed a reconstruction of the techniques used to manufacture the net from a two-strand plied cord. The comparison of the phytoliths extracted from the archaeological net to those from a modern reference collection suggests the use of fibres that originate from the leaves of a local palm species: the desert palm or Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. Besides the technical and archaeobotanical aspects of the study, the paper discussed past and present uses of the desert palm in the arid regions of the Middle East as well as the possible utilisation (fishing, carrying etc.) of the protohistoric net.