我国区域经济地理学科的创新与发展

本文认为随着世界政治经济格局的深刻变化和世界经济一体化、区域集团化的飞速发展,区域经济地理学作为我国地理科学中的一门年轻学科,正处于深刻的变革之中。在新的21世纪中,学科发展面临着重大挑战,同时也面临着发展的重要机遇,要实现学科的创新与发展,关键在于如何深刻认识与处理学科发展面临的相关学科的挑战、继承与创新、理论与实践相结合等几个重大问题。最后,本文提出了区域经济地理学科的四个发展趋势。     

技术学习与创新:经济地理学的视角

技术学习与创新是20世纪90年代以来经济地理学研究的核心领域之一,它与"异端经济学"之间的互动,既促进了经济地理学的繁荣和学科地位的提升,也为"异端经济学"对技术学习与创新的研究提供了独特的地理视角。本文试图全面梳理经济地理学技术学习与创新研究兴起与深化的过程,从地理接近与面对面交流,关系接近与实践社区,制度接近、嵌入、路径依赖与创新场三个既相互争论又高度互补的方面,来系统阐述技术学习与创新的经济地理机制,并针对当前研究的局限性提出了建构高层次综合的技术学习创新与区域发展理论的设想。     

国内经济大循环与乡村旅游的适配性：内涵与研究框架

乡村旅游是实现新时代乡村振兴的重要突破口,国内大循环经济格局的新背景为我国乡村旅游提出了新挑战。本文立足国内大循环经济格局新背景,分析了其与我国乡村旅游发展的有机联系;从内循环带来的新市场格局、新资源模式和新发展需求出发,阐明了乡村旅游适配的必要性,梳理了内循环格局下乡村旅游和乡村振兴的逻辑关系,阐释了国内经济大循环与乡村旅游的适配性内涵;提出了乡村旅游适配性的研究框架,重点阐释了四个层级的研究问题,指出了具有潜力的理论创新,包括国内大循环驱动的乡村旅游适配的理论基础分析、乡村旅游适配性要素及其组合路径探索、国内大循环背景下乡村旅游供需结构变动、适配层级分析,以及国内大循环驱动的乡村旅游适配路径与模型构建。最终,研究指出了乡村旅游适配大循环的新领域,包括文旅融合的数字化发展、自然与人文的生态可持续发展、城乡与主客的协同创新发展、基于资源挖掘与品牌创造的差异化发展。     

WINNING THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF FARMERS: INSTITUTIONALIZED INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN SRI LANKA

Classical diffusion research, both in geography and sociology, received considerable criticism in the 1970s and 1980s, but after that the diffusion debate has faded away. At the same time, one of the earliest contributors to diffusion research, Gabriel Tarde, is now attracting the attention of both geographers and sociologists. Drawing on earlier experiences with agricultural extension and the Green Revolution, this Tarde‐inspired article aims to revitalize the diffusion debate through an ethnographic case study of extension practices in Hambantota District, Sri Lanka. The study is based on field material collected between 2009 and 2011, which includes semi‐structured interviews with representatives from various spread agencies – government agricultural instructors, NGOs, social enterprises, and the inorganic industry – as well as with farmers and other key informants. Following the recent work of Nigel Thrift, it is argued that such an approach to the study of innovation diffusion can be a way of uncovering “the political economy of propensity”. The article suggests that a return to Tarde should not lead researchers back into naïve diffusionism, or towards a position that blames traditionalist farmers for non‐diffusion. Non‐human actors can also exhibit resistance and sociality: innovations travel through a landscape which is both human and non‐human, and the spread of organic farming practices is configured by both bonds of trust among farmers and bonds of chemicals in the soil. Furthermore, it contends that future research may interrogate the ways in which the very medium of diffusion is being reconfigured, following actors' institutionalization of innovation diffusion methods.     

区域技术创新的非正式制度和联系:经济地理学的视角

众多区域技术创新的研究案例表明,非正式的制度和联系是区域技术创新成功的重要因素。本文回顾了经济地理学在区域技术创新的非正式制度和联系方面研究的相关理论和研究成果,发现"创新环境"、"非贸易相互依赖"、"地方传言"和"企业衍生"等理论虽然提出并探讨了区域技术创新的非正式制度和联系的属性和特征,却对这种非正式制度和联系的形成原因和影响机制的分析相对较少,对其空间尺度的研究也过度集中于区域尺度。由于当前我国大多数区域内部企业之间的创新联系大部分仍以非正式联系为主,因此对于区域技术创新的非正式制度与联系的形成原因、影响机制及其对创新绩效的影响的进一步研究,将具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。     

SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN KNOWLEDGE,INNOVATION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS: CONCEPTUAL REFLECTIONS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

By drawing on the Schumpeterian distinction between invention (i.e., new ideas and knowledge creation) and commercialization of new ideas (i.e., innovation), this paper shows that knowledge and innovation are both important drivers of economic growth, but have heterogeneous spatial impacts. In particular, the growth benefits accruing from knowledge seem rather selective and concentrated across space whereas the growth benefits generated by innovation seem more diffusive, and regions innovating in the absence of a strong local knowledge base can be as successful as more knowledge‐intensive regions in turning innovation into a higher growth rate, possibly by exploiting local informal knowledge and/or knowledge spillovers. These results are of great importance for the design of research and innovation policies within the frame of the Europe 2020 strategy.     

经济地理学视角下创新网络研究进展

借助Citespace软件，回顾相关文献，系统梳理了经济地理学领域创新网络的研究脉络、研究内容，明晰研究不足与研究方向。创新网络研究重点与研究方向：①网络空间尺度方面，已有研究关注集群内与集群间网络、城市内与城市间网络（城市群网络）、跨国公司全球网络配置等问题；未来研究应从单一尺度向多尺度网络耦合研究转变，从单一网络向多重网络融合研究转变。②网络演化及其驱动因素方面，节点演变、多维邻近性对网络演化的影响成为研究重点，未来应重视对产业和技术网络轨迹演变的研究。③网络结构及其对创新的影响方面，已有研究关注节点网络结构如何影响个体创新行为与创新结果，未来应深化整体网络结构和连接原因，以及网络组成对整体网络演化影响的研究。未来应加强对中国欠发达地区、中国后发跨国公司创新网络的实证研究，强化计量方法的应用，例如块模型、社区发现等方法。     

技术创新与区域发展

深化和活跃技术创新,使创新、改革、发展一体化是振兴区域经济的必由之路。本文在系统分析技术创新对区域经济发展意义的基础上,构建了依托技术创新促进区域持续发展的政策取向。     

中国行政区划改革的内卷化风险及其生成机制

透过对行政区划调整现象与文献的梳理，发现中国部分政区有“改而不变”的倾向，本文借用“内卷化”的概念对这种现象及其效应进行探讨，指出政区改革在行政层级、运行逻辑、空间关系、职能配置等方面都存在着“内卷化”隐忧。在此基础上，通过对国家结构、行政区划的资源属性和行政区经济之间关联的分析，阐释了政区改革内卷化的生成机制，认为行政区划配置资源的功能可能是政区改革陷入内卷化的一个重要前提。最后以常州武进和海南政区改革为例，探讨了本研究的分析框架与逻辑，并建议构建面向市场经济的行政区划调整框架，为继续深化行政体制改革提供空间支撑。     

POLICY INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION*

This article argues that fragmented and decentralized policy making structures can generate major Policy innovation as well as can centralized structures. The fragmented committee structure of Congress is shown to facilitate innovation in the example of federal water pollution control legislation. Thorough consideration of four dimensions of costs and benefits strengthens the case for disjointed Innovation since it “promotes entrepreneurship, encourages competition, minimizes the costs of change, and promotes legitimacy….”     

ECONOMIC DECENTRALIZATION AND REGIONALISM

Another recent geographical essay on regional economic management advocates reestablishment of regional economic councils for the achievement of an optimal spatial division of labor under perestroyka and rationalizing competing economic, nationalistic, and economic objectives (see Soviet Geography, May 1990, pp. 366-374). The author criticizes proposals for the further ethnic-based division of the country and questions the economic viability of the Baltic states' drive toward independence and of a “political” (republic-based) system of khozraschet. He also questions the wisdom of “resource payments” as a means of supplementing the income of localities (translated by Elliott B. Urdang, Providence, RI 02906). From: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1990, No. 2, pp. 137-143.     

国外创新网络研究述评与区域共生创新战略

创新网络是企业创新在地理空间和战略关系层面上的综合体现。在经济地理视角下,本文重点从企业层面的联盟创新网络,产业层面的集群创新网络,以及区域层面的共生创新网络加以具体评述与分析。在企业层面,强调企业在网络当中的核心地位,以及如何通过企业战略联盟构建创新网络;在产业层面,强调产业集群要素对创新网络影响,更倾向刻画创新网络是一种以产业地理空间为边界的整体性创新网络;在区域层面,跨越企业所处的产业边界,基于生态共生思想提出区域共生创新网络的新范式。最后,提出创新网络未来的研究应重点关注企业、产业与区域三个层面的协同演化,突破传统区域创新网络的空间特征和地理格局,探讨如何构架一个具有层次性、协同性和互动开放性的区域生态共生创新网络。     

创新网络研究进展述评与展望

创新网络解读主要从网络尺度、网络演化及网络机理等方面展开研究,本文对创新网络已有研究成果及新转向进行评述及展望：①网络尺度视角,已有研究多对不同尺度进行区分研究,缺乏对不同尺度的整合;多强调发达国家网络发展模式,忽略对发展中国家特有结构及路径的理论总结;因此多尺度耦合网络研究成为未来的方向。②网络演化视角,经历了从网络节点结构到网络联系演化的转向,将多层联系结合进行整体网络演化的研究需更关注包括各类组织、个人、技术及空间等网络情境在内的整体分析。③网络机理研究关注多维邻近、网络管制及外部创新情境作用,而多维临近综合作用分析及我国特定情境嵌入全球网络等问题都值得进一步深入探讨。     

FROM PRECOCITY TO INVOLUTION: THE NEOLITHIC OF CORSICA IN ITS WEST MEDITERRANEAN AND FRENCH CONTEXTS

The cultural and economic development of neolithic Corsica falls into two periods. Until the early fourth millennium be the rate of innovation is rapid and the range of contacts extensive but thereafter involution sets in. This paradox cannot be explained in terms of static geographic factors. The author suggests a possible solution: the island acted as a transmitter of cultural and economic innovations which were in the long run better adapted to other regions of the Mediterranean. The postglacial paucity of terrestrial resources would have stimulated maritime activity and the selective adoption of the pastoral sector at the inception of the Neolithic but the typically late neolithic pattern of mixed-farming villages failed to become established: exploitation of the mature deciduous forest of the climatic optimum appears to have been more important.     

OLIGOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY*

ABSTRACT This paper studies a general equilibrium model of economic geography in which firms engage in oligopolistic competition. This framework is conducive to analytic results. With increasing returns, oligopolistic competition leads to interindustry trade between regions rather than intraindustry trade. The choice of appropriate technology is a channel of concentration of industries.     

PREFERENCE HETEROGENEITY AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY*

ABSTRACT We investigate the effect of preference heterogeneity between skilled and unskilled workers on agglomeration, and we identify a new source of dependence of equilibrium prices on the demand properties shaped by the inter‐regional distribution of workers. We find a new preference effect, and we show that when the intensity of skilled workers' preference for the modern good and its variety is strong enough, prices charged by firms may even increase when the mass of local firms increases, therefore acting as a new dispersion force when trade costs are low or as a new agglomeration force when trade costs are high.     

INTERACTION BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

The chairmen of the departments of physical geography and economic geography of the USSR at Moscow University call for greater interplay between the two major subfields of geography, particularly in the context of geographical research for regional planning and geographical prediction generally. The demands of a modern economy require a more integrated approach to the study of spatial systems encompassing the totality of the natural environment, settlement, production and living conditions. Such close interaction between physical and economic geography needs to be pursued at all levels of geography as a discipline, from international geographical congresses down to ordinary student field practice.