美丽岛事件始末

从《自由中国》到“中坜事件”1950年代,国民党政权退守台湾之后,先有吴国桢向蒋介石进言,实行“政党政治”,为蒋不容,1953年出走美国,次年与蒋反目,指责其独裁专制。后有雷震1960年反对蒋介石违宪第三次连任“总统”,并在其主持的半月刊《自由中国》发表《敬向蒋总统作一最后的忠告》、《我们为什么迫切需要一个强有力的反对党》等七篇文章,主张反对党参与选举,制衡执政党。9月雷震被捕,     

蒋介石反“台独”纪事

蒋介石是中国历史上颇有影响的人物，他统治中国大陆期间，倒行逆施，与人民为敌，终被人民解放军赶到了台湾。蒋介石到台湾后，并不甘心自己的失败，叫嚣“反攻大陆”，企图有朝一日实现其“复国”的梦想。就在蒋介石收拾残兵败将准备报仇雪恨之时，以美国为首的一些国家垂涎台湾的战略地位和物产的丰富，散布“台湾地位未定论”，企图把台湾从中国分裂出来，搞所谓的“台独”，以便更加有效地控制整个台湾。一时间，台湾岛内外一些激进者公然建立各种“台独”组织，实施“台独”计划。在这种情况下，蒋介石大力抵制和反对各种“台独”倾向…     

李辉 借用《时代》周刊

以美国《时代》周刊封面上的中国人物,吴佩孚、蒋介石、阎锡山、冯玉祥、溥仪……为线索,为契机,大量参照外国人的回忆录和文献进入民国史,解读民国史     

红军时期的徐海东

关于徐海东,美国著名记者埃德加·斯诺在他的《西行漫记》中曾经这样写道：“在中国共产党的军事领导人中,恐怕没有人能比徐海东更加‘大名鼎鼎’的了,也肯定没有人能比他更加神秘的了。”而蒋介石和毛泽东对他也有着截然不同的评价,蒋介石曾经称徐海东为“文明社会的一大害”,必欲除之而后快;毛泽东则称赞徐海东是“对中国革命有大功的人”、“工人阶级的一面旗帜”。     

《开罗宣言》的起草与中国远征军的缅甸抗日(上)

<正>一、开罗会议缘起：罗斯福邀请蒋介石及丘吉尔相晤1942年1月1日,世界上26个反侵略国在华盛顿签订《联合国家宣言》,宣布接受《大西洋宪章》的目的与原则,标志世界反法西斯联盟的形成。第二天,蒋介石指示驻美大使胡适,立即签字,意味着中国正式成为世界反法西斯联盟的成员。1943年6月4日,蒋介石从外交部长宋子文来电得知,美国罗斯福总统约斯大林、丘吉尔与蒋介石举行“四头会议”,并愿先与蒋介石会谈。蒋介石觉得,如自己参加,不     

党国：一个家族的国共史

1927年4月,伴随着南京国民政府的成立和全国的统一,中国历史上第一个“以党训政”的党国时代就此开启。蒋介石发动“党化运动”,通过一系列政策,实现了“党化公务员”、“党化司法”、“党化军队”。在中国传统的宣扬“忠”的政治文化,与西方现代政党体制及理念的遭遇中,蒋介石一跃成为了国家的人格代表,甚至进一步取代了国家和政党,造就了历史上的“蒋家王朝”。     

蒋介石“安内攘外”论的历史演变

“安内攘外”论是国民党蒋介石集团在当时中国特定的形势下 ,提出并最终形成的国民党对内对外政策的理论。“安内攘外”论的内涵在不同时期其侧重点有所不同。现在绝大多数论著很少谈及它的历史演变问题 ,事实上暗含着“安内攘外”论没有发生内容上的演化和转变这样一种观点 ,也是对“安内攘外”的狭义理解。这是不符合客观历史事实的。一从广义上说 ,蒋介石的“安内攘外”论 ,其雏形可追溯到辛亥革命前后 ,正式提出则在 1 92 9年 1 0月。1 91 2— 1 91 3年 ,蒋介石避居日本期间 ,在其主办的《军声杂志》上先后发表了《征蒙作战刍议》、《革…     

塞克特和克兰为中国政府拟具之《中国军备工业之建设计划》

1934年 8月《中国农矿原料与德国工业品互换实施合同》签订后,南京国民政府迫切希望通过中德合作,加强国防工业建设。翌年,代表德方在前述合同上签字的汉斯·克兰向蒋介石呈送《建设实力中心点组织之建议》,建议由德国派遣国防军现役军官暨技术经济专家来华,协助中国建设国防工业。同年初,蒋介石委托德国军事总顾问塞克特拟具中国军备工业建设计划。2月 28日,塞、克向蒋介石呈送《中国军备工业之建设计划》提纲,并得到蒋介石的认可。鉴于计划中的中国军备工业必须通过中德合作(亦即必须得到德国的协助)方能完成,塞克特向蒋介石表示,该“提纲y必须等到塞氏返国后才能扩展为详细计划周为它必须经过德国国防部之审核、批准。1936年初,顾振率中国代表团赴德,经过激烈的讨价还价,。与德方就中国军备工业建设达成若干协议。代表团返国后,克兰、塞克特根据中德双方商洽结果,将前述“提纲”扩充为“详细计划”—一《中国军备工业之建设计划》。同年10月,该计划经来华访问的德国国防部使者莱谢劳中将呈送蒋介石。本件史料即为克兰、塞克特拟定并经过德国国防部审核之《中国军备工业之建设计划》,它为战前中德关系的重头戏——德国协助中国建设国防工业提供了最初的日程表,其史料价值自然是不言而喻的。     

亨利·卢斯与抗战期间中国新形象的创造

抗日战争期间，美国新闻巨头亨利·卢斯ＨｅｎｒｙＲ．Ｌｕｃｅ），以其控制的时代公司的三大杂志为工具，在美国国内掀起了一场以突出蒋介石为中心的树立中国全新形象的运动，以求影响美国公众舆论和决策机构，以便使中国最大限度地获取美国援助，来抗击日本侵略和稳固蒋介石统治。本文通过对１９２６年至１９４９年《时代》杂志（Ｔｉｍｅ）以及１９３７年至１９４９年《生活》（Ｌｉｆｅ）和《财富》（Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅ）杂志逐年的追踪和对其它有关资料的分析，考察了卢斯导演下的这场运动的经过和发展，探讨了卢斯积极参与这场运动的动机…     

蒋介石 1927年的首次亮相

“洋鬼子”聚焦蒋介石1927年年初,《时代》在1月31日发表了一篇关于中国局势的报道。题目用了一个中国话的发音——“洋鬼子”(Yang—kueitze)。报道的开头很有意思:上周,北京的中国人在零下10摄氏度的寒冷中瑟瑟发抖,而在南方     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.