温岭元宝山发现西汉东瓯国墓葬

2009年,温岭市城西街道元宝山发现两座东瓯国的墓葬,出土印纹硬陶、印纹软陶、泥质陶、硬陶等9件器物。这是东瓯国考古的又一个重要收获,为进一步研究东瓯国的历史提供了宝贵的实物资料。     

浙江温岭大溪古城遗址的调查与试掘

温岭大溪古城遗址通过两次考古调查与试掘,已可确认为是一座西汉东瓯国的城址,从地理位置到城址的年代,都完全可以排除是传说中的"徐偃王城"的可能。这一东瓯国城址的确定,是对汉东瓯国考古的重大成果,它对于东瓯国文化的研究和解决东瓯国建都的地望问题,都提供了重要的考古资料,具有十分重要的意义。     

近年学者对渤海墓葬的研究及探讨

渤海国始建于公元698年,到公元926年被契丹灭亡,先后存世229年。渤海国墓葬是渤海遗迹的重要组成部分,要探讨渤海国历史文化,墓葬是重要的资料。本文着重整理了自20世纪70年代以来,东北亚各国学者对渤海国墓葬类型的分布、分类和葬俗等方面的探讨和研究,力求对后世学者的研究有所裨益。     

论西汉南越国时期的高等级墓葬

目 次 一 岭南秦至西汉南越国时期高等级墓葬综述 二 西汉前期东瓯、闽越、长沙国与先秦越国高等级墓葬举要 三 南越国高等级墓葬形制特点与族属探讨 四 余论 岭南在先秦时期主要是南越、骆(雒)越、西瓯等越人族群的势力范围.公元前333年楚败越之后,除了偏居浙东南的东瓯,长江中下游地区多是楚文化的势力范围.而五岭阻隔下的岭南,还处在各有种姓、自有君长的百越时代.体现在考古学文化上的,是以几何印纹陶器和原始瓷器、越式青铜兵器和工具、底铺石子或有腰坑的竖穴土坑墓等为突出特征的传统越人风貌为主,但楚文化因素随着时间的推移已不断逾岭南下,影响着岭南越人的固有传统,如大量楚式青铜器的出现,正是岭北楚文化南下的表现.真正使岭南发生翻天覆地变化的是秦征岭南和汉平南越这两个具有里程碑意义的大事件.公元前214年秦定岭南,置南海、桂林、象三郡,将岭南纳入秦帝国的政治版图.公元前207年秦亡,南海郡尉赵佗趁乱自立为南越武王,定都番禺(今广州),建立南越国.公元前111年汉武帝重新统一岭南,自此不仅使岭南从政权统治上重新归属中央王朝,而且从经济、文化上与长江流域和黄河流域也渐趋统一,成为华夏文明不可分割的一部分.这是中原汉文化裹挟着荆楚文化迅猛南进,并与当地越文化角力、最终融合一统的时期.本文拟从辨析秦至西汉南越国时期高等级墓葬的丧葬习俗和文化内涵上考察这一历程,藉此更深刻地理解秦汉岭南华化的进程.     

帷榻与屋帷：十六国北魏墓葬“饰帷”现象研究

十六国北魏墓葬中出土有帐座、帐钩以及彩绘木杆等遗物,当属悬挂布幕的“饰帷”类器具,其组合、搭建的形式多样。本文梳理了该时期墓葬中出土“饰帷”的实物遗存与图像资料,根据墓室空间布局情况,认为十六国北魏墓葬中的“饰帷”可分为帷榻、屋帷与车帷三类,前两者为主要布置形式。帷榻、屋帷的布局方式可能受到汉晋时期墓葬壁画“饰帷”图像的影响。与汉晋时期墓葬中单独设立的帷帐相比,十六国北魏墓葬中的“饰帷”皆围绕墓主人搭建。该时期“饰帷”用于构建礼仪空间的属性趋于弱化,而普遍突出居室化、宅邸化的特征。“饰帷”文化内涵的转变,亦反映出十六国北魏时期部分南迁草原部族的文化认同。     

哈萨克斯坦伊塞克拉哈特东南墓地早期铁器时代M1发掘简报

2019年,陕西省考古研究院与哈萨克斯坦伊塞克国家历史文化博物馆联合组队,在拉哈特遗址东南墓地发掘1座中型墓葬,该墓葬保存完好、构筑过程清楚,时代当属于早期铁器时代。同样形制的墓葬在中国伊犁地区的伊犁河上游区域分布比较广泛,反映出中哈两国游牧文化的深入交流。     

中原魏晋北朝墓葬文化的阶段性

以洛阳和邺城为中心的中原地区在魏晋北朝的历史上具有特殊的地位。以墓葬资料为基础,分曹魏晋初、西晋中后期、十六国、北魏前期、北魏后期、东魏北齐六个阶段,探讨了中原墓葬制度和墓葬文化的阶段性演变情况、中原墓葬文化形成变迁和发展的曲折历程,是由特殊的政治格局、文化传统、经济条件等因素决定的,并与同时期的其他地区墓葬文化紧密相关。 (摘自《华夏考古》2004年第1期)中原魏晋北朝墓葬文化的阶段性@李梅田     

2015年敦煌佛爷庙湾——新店台墓群Ⅲ区西晋十六国墓葬发掘简报

2015年11月至2016年2月,甘肃省文物考古研究所对敦煌佛爷庙湾——新店台墓群保护范围内的墓葬进行了考古发掘。其中Ⅲ区西晋十六国墓葬50座。此次发掘丰富了河西地区该时段的考古资料,对进一步研究河西地区的历史、文化、丧葬习俗等具有重要意义。     

襄阳欧庙卸甲山出土春秋青铜器

2014年2月在襄阳市襄城区欧庙镇卸甲山村发现一批青铜器,计有鼎2、缶2、盘1、盉1、器盖1,共7件。据出土现场判断,这批青铜器应出自墓葬,但难以确认是否出自同一墓葬。铜器年代主要为春秋中期,文化特征具有较浓厚的地方特色,为研究江淮地区古方国的文化传承提供了重要资料。     

关于战国中山国墓葬遗物若干问题辨正

河北平山中山国墓葬、遗物的发掘出土,是我国考古工作的又一重要收获。它对战国历史、地理、文字的研究都提供了非常珍贵的资料。《文物》1979年1期发表的《墓葬发掘简报》和三篇论文,对于中山国历史、民族与文化、铜器铭文和考释都作了比较系统的考察和分析研究,不少问题已获解决。但是也存在一些问题需要商讨。本文特就关涉中山国历史与民族、文化的根本问题提出自己的看法,以供讨论。     

周公旦为鲁国始封之君说

谁是鲁国的始封之君 ,周公旦抑或其子伯禽 ?自古至今聚讼未决。今天的学者多主“伯禽封鲁”说 ,其主要依据为《鲁颂·宫》与《左传》定公四年所载的两条材料 ,但这两条材料明显有可疑之处。“伯禽封鲁”说之所以影响大 ,盖由崔述的鼓荡所致 ,然而崔氏的考证远非一贯正确。《左传》僖公二十四年说“鲁”是“文之昭”,这是一条铁证 ,证明了周公旦是鲁国的始封之君。历史上 ,周公旦曾两次封于鲁。但由于他是武王、成王两代人的助手 ,所以两次受封均不曾就国 ,而是由其长子伯禽代就封 ,故有“伯禽封鲁”说     

Both Too Much and Too Little: Sources of Federal Instability in Canada

Federalism is often praised for being able to accommodate diversity within the confines of a single state while preventing secession. Federalism, however, is fraught with tensions and instability. Federalism is typically adopted as a second-best alternative among actors whose first choice is either a more centralized state or a more decentralized state. These preferences persist over time. Instability in federation, then, comes from federal partners pushing in opposite directions at the same time. From this dynamic comes the much-examined propensity for secessionism to develop within federations. Largely unexamined in the literature on federalism, but equally problematic from the standpoint of stability, is the equal and opposite risk of consolidation (or centralization). This article examines sources of federal instability by exploring the origins and evolution of federalism. I use examples from Canada to demonstrate the extent to which my argument is applicable to real world federations. In conducting the exploration, we come to understand how federations can be both unstable and durable.     

Bi'r Hamad: a pre-Islamic settlement in the western Wādī Hadramawt

Material from Bi'r Hamad, one of the most important pre-Islamic settlements in the deserted area between Shabwa (capital of the ancient Hadramawt Kingdom) and the internal regions of the ancient state (Wâdī Hadramawt), is published here for the first time. Pottery and other surface finds allow us to establish the approximate chronological limits of occupation at this ancient Hadramawt town.     

LAST CALL BEFORE THE UNDERTAKER: A COMMUNITY’S PERCEPTION OF THE LOCAL WORKHOUSE AND OLD PEOPLE’S CARE BEFORE AND AFTER THE INCEPTION OF THE WELFARE STATE

Abstract

Workhouses were no doubt the first old people’s homes. Sick old people without social or financial resources had no alternative other than admission to one of these state institutions . These institutions instilled fear in local communities and admission represented a failure in society. Due to medical advances and improved social conditions, people lived for longer and during the 20th century the majority of the inmates were old people. After the inception of the welfare state institutional care for older people was mainly in buildings inherited from the poor law. Consequently, even after I948, for many old people admission to an institution still carried a stigma. By using oral histories of relatives and professionals who cared for old people during this time, alongside documentary sources, this article examines how the process of transition from poor law to welfare state affected families in Oxford. This first-hand perspective, missing from most studies on the history of ageing, explores how caring for old people at a time of great social change was influenced by the local workhouse.     

Commentary Frederick J. Simoons,Cultural Geographer

Canadian identity is threatened. Canada is first and foremost a state, an institution before being a socio-cultural reality. The country needs the state to survive. Its viability is based both on a healthy economy which ensures prosperity and on the critical role that such prosperity allows the state to assume by redistributing wealth. In the future, the ability of the state to pursue these ends may be seriously reduced and the unique character of Canadian society thus diminished. The dilemma associated with the Canadian-American, free-trade agreement issue is revealing in this light. While free trade seems to be the only solution to maintain a strong Canadian economy, it could at the same time, threaten the very existence of Canada.     

A Three-State Markov Model of Choice Behavior within Spatial Structures

This paper derives a simple mathematical model of spatial learning and choice by integrating several psychological theories, whose features accord with the results of empirical investigation in a previous paper [2]. A sample of homogeneous decision-makers are assumed to make a succession of selections from a given set of initially unknown spatial alternatives (for example, a set of shopping places for a good). The decision-makers pass through two states of “recognition” and “discrimination” learning, before reaching an equilibrium state. In the equilibrium state, decision-makers have sufficiently learned the attributes of the alternatives so that satisfactory choices are always made. These assumptions permit the derivation of mathematical expressions to answer two questions: first, what proportion of decision-makers will be in the equilibrium state after any given time interval, and second, what proportion of decision-makers will choose any designated spatial alternative after the same time interval. In the second case, the proportion of decision-makers choosing an alternative is predicted from the individuals' perceptions of the attributes of the alternatives. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the model and suggestions for its testing and further development.     

New regionalism in Turkey: questioning the ‘new’ and the ‘regional’

Turkey’s regional policies are inspired by the new regionalism theory. During past two decades, key concepts of new regionalism, including knowledge economies, specialization, networked cities and innovation, have been incorporated in policy documents. At the same time, Turkey comes from a strong central state tradition that controls local and regional development. At first insight, new regionalism and strong central state control do not fit in the same frame. This research analyses the trajectory of regional policies in Turkey with the aim of explaining how these seemingly incompatible policies can coexist. It argues that regional policies developed at the central state level utilized new regionalism as a part of the strategy to maintain power in the course of transformation of the nation state.     

明四夷馆中日本馆译语编撰考

明四夷馆是中国最早培养翻译人员的专门机构,四夷馆设立于明永乐年间,初设时有八馆,没有专设日本馆,其从属于何馆,史料记载不一。在明四夷馆的翻译教材会同馆本《华夷译语》中,出现了13馆译语,其中包括日本馆。虽然无法确切推断日本馆设立的时间,但是可以通过对《华夷译语》的研究推测出日本馆译语的大致编撰时间。     

Omsorg om livet. Spädbarnsdödlighetens förändring i Ådalen under 1800-talet [Caring about life. Infant mortality in Ådalen,Sweden, during the 19th century]

The Finnish forest workers' trade union and employers' organizations signed their first wage agreement in 1957 and first collective labour agreement in 1962. Many other sectors had concluded such agreements years earlier. This article challenges the widely accepted idea that collective labour agreements were becoming ubiquitous in Finnish industrial relations soon after the Second World War. Forest workers were left out of this process, and up until the late 1950s their wages and working conditions were not determined by the labour market parties but by state authorities – the state legislated and regulated forestry wages. The explanation for the delayed development of labour market practices in this sector can be found in forest work itself as well as the state's active role. This work was, up until the 1960s, done mainly by small farmers who were reluctant to unionize and unable to otherwise promote their interests. The situation changed when professionalization made them more or less full-time forest workers who more often joined the union. At the same time, the state created organizations and institutions which encouraged labour market parties to cooperate. Their shared struggle against political interference pushed labour market parties towards collective bargaining.