环境考古中地层学研究的几个问题

地层学研究是从事环境考古研究的基础性工作。在从事环境考古地层学研究时,既不能硬套地质学方法,也不能照搬考古地层学方法,而是应当选择典型地层,采用地质地层学与考古地层学相结合的方法进行地层划分和地层对比。另外,还需引进相关学科的科学方法从事地层学研究。     

Squeezed between external trade barriers and internal economic problems: Bulgaria’s trade with Denmark in the 1970s

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates Bulgaria’s trade strategy towards the European Economic Community (EEC) in the 1970s: a decade of intensified economic exchange between East and West thanks to détente and, simultaneously, of growing trade barriers due to the consolidation of the EEC’s Common Market. The successes and failures of Bulgaria’s endeavours are discussed through a study of economic cooperation with Denmark before and after its accession to the EEC in 1973. The main argument is that while Bulgarian economic policy focused on the rising regulatory impediments to trade with EEC members, it neglected the structural deficiencies of Bulgarian export production. Thereby, Bulgarian state officials strove to resolve foreign trade problems through diplomatic negotiations over customs regulations instead of advancing domestic economic reforms . This argument is supported by analysis of intergovernmental economic negotiations and trade deals between Bulgaria and Denmark during the 1970s. It highlights the different ways in which Bulgarian trade envoys in Copenhagen and top officials at home evaluated recurrent problems in accessing the Danish market and formulated solutions for these problems. Thus, instead of tackling internal structural problems, the blueprints for Bulgaria’s foreign trade focused on external foes, namely trade discrimination against socialist countries.     

Some problems of varying overlap between secondary and higher education

Abstract

This paper identifies some of the problems created by the varying school geography backgrounds of students entering higher education. They are illustrated by examining students’ varying knowledge of the models of von Thunen, Christaller and Weber and some possible solutions to the problems are suggested.     

有关古蔡国的几个历史地理问题

本文就古蔡国历史地理的四个问题与何光岳、刘宝和、尚景熙进行商榷,以为：“蔡”的本意是草,后被用作地名,又因该地产龟,故又称龟为蔡龟;蔡叔度的始封地不在祭城,也不在长垣,而是庸阝城;蔡国初建都于上蔡,迁至新蔡;上蔡在西周春秋时有重要地位。     

Police unions and use-of-force reforms in American cities

Following the murder of George Floyd, there was widespread debate about the policies that govern the use of force by police, but municipal leaders suggested that police unions kept many of the proposed changes from being adopted. Although there is anecdotal and scholarly evidence that unions frequently oppose policing reform, the limited literature in this area actually offers somewhat mixed conclusions about the relationship between union strength and the success of previous reform efforts. In this study, we draw on Halpin's theory of interest groups as politically adaptive organizations to develop expectations about the behavior of police unions in police governance subsystems. We hypothesize that union attempts to influence policy will correlate positively with reform adoption when the political environment is conducive to victory on that front or makes the cost of opposition too high and negatively when the opposite conditions hold. Analyses of the impact of union campaign contributions on the adoption of use-of-force policies in the 100 largest U.S. cities demonstrate that the nature and direction of union influence are moderated by the political climate of the jurisdiction in which they operate.