社区参与旅游的制度性增权研究

西方研究者认为社区参与旅游迫切需要解决的是信息、心理、教育和社会增权,而中国现阶段由于产权界定模糊导致的制度性的缺权才是阻碍旅游地社区通过参与旅游获得公平发展的主要障碍,西方国家清晰的产权制度使得其旅游增权理论欠缺了对制度性缺权状态的研究。本文在对制度和增权等基本概念进行辨析的基础上,划分了4种制度性增权类型,分别讨论了制度缺失和制度失灵两种社区参与旅游的缺权状态,探索了中国的政治体制和社会现实下可行的制度性增权途径,为进一步开展旅游社区增权的实践研究夯实了理论基础。     

乡镇旅游发展中社区旅游增权路径研究——以桂林市雁山区草坪镇社区为例

旅游业的快速发展,以社区居民为代表的利益主体逐渐参与到旅游发展之中,如何与相关利益主体协调好利益关系进行社区旅游增权,是促进目的地合理发展的重要因素。本文以桂林市雁山区草坪镇社区为实证研究对象,从社区居民旅游增权现状出发,提出旅游发展中社区居民增权路径与模型,为乡镇旅游开发中的社区旅游增权提供借鉴。     

公平感知视角下居民支持旅游可持续发展的影响因素分析——以喀纳斯图瓦村落为例

为揭示民族旅游地居民支持旅游可持续发展的影响因素和形成机制,本文整合社会交换理论和韦伯的合理性理论,构建了社区增权、居民公平感知以及旅游可持续发展支持关系的概念模型.以新疆喀纳斯社区的3个民族村落居民为研究对象,采用系统抽样方法收集363份问卷,并运用结构方程模型进行数据分析.结果表明:社区增权正向影响公平感知和可持续发展支持,社区增权是实现旅游公平和可持续性的有效途径;公平感知在社区增权和可持续发展支持间起中介作用,公平法则是居民参与旅游交换的内在机制;公平感知正向影响居民可持续发展支持.研究发展了居民感知和态度的理论框架,为实现民族旅游地的可持续发展提供了有益指导.     

从“社区参与”走向“社区增权”——开平碉楼与村落为例

社区增权是社区参与内涵的进一步拓展,是提升社区参与有效性的重要途径。要使社区参与真正落到实处,使社区居民能够真正获益于旅游发展,亟需通过不同层面的增权,凸显社区居民在旅游开发中的主体地位。鉴于此,本研究以开平碉楼与村落为例,分析了旅游开发中社区参与现状及问题,并提出通过从经济、心理、社会和政治等四个不同层面实现增权,探索村落遗产地提高社区参与有效性的途径,以期为旅游行政管理部门科学制定决策提供理论依据和实践建议。     

社区旅游内卷化与去内卷化：基于云台山社区的案例解析

过往研究将社区旅游增长困境归因于权力关系不平衡导致的社区权益受损或冲突，并通过社区参与和增权解决。然而，社区参与和增权的有效运用依赖于外部条件和社区能力。本文试图从内卷化视角重新审视社区旅游增长困境，构建社区旅游内卷化分析框架，并用于解析焦作云台山案例。社区旅游内卷化是社区旅游发展到一定形态后，停滞不前或无法转变到新的形态，旅游产品或企业同质化竞争激烈，无法适应市场变化，导致社区内部权力和利益复杂化，社区总体边际收益或旅游效益相对下降。案例研究表明，云台山社区先后经历农业内卷化、去农业内卷化、社区旅游内卷化、以及社区旅游去内卷化4个阶段。各阶段交叠，并具有不同的背景、成因和特点。本研究在去内卷化建议中指出，提升社区内生能力是根本，破解外部条件限制是关键，而政府和核心企业应起示范或主导作用。     

云南省佤族翁丁村旅游发展中的社区增权可行性研究

拥有400多年历史的“中国最后一个原始部落”——佤族翁丁村,从原始社会过渡至社会主义社会,其社区管理兼具民族特色与社会主义制度特点,但也存在着一些失权现象,影响当地旅游发展。本文立足于二手资料搜集、实地调查、问卷调查、访谈等大量实践,引入Scheyvens提出的社区增权理论,从政治、经济、心理和社会4个方面了解影响其社区增权的因素,并进行翁丁社区增权的可行性研究,提出社区增权实现路径,以期促进当地旅游发展。     

权力关系、社区空间与乡村旅游利益获取——基于福建省泰宁县五个乡村社区的实证研究

权力关系主导着社区空间的生产及其利益分配。旅游规划作为一种权力工具,引发乡村社区空间的等级秩序发生变化,使乡村社区权力和利益分配出现新的非均衡发展的空间格局。旅游开发中政府权力主导的房屋拆迁、土地征用等介入方式可能导致乡村社区丧失旅游空间生产控制权。权力关系影响下的乡村社区与旅游生产的空间关联性、乡村社区的旅游参与性决定着社区居民的旅游利益。本文对福建省泰宁县的五个乡村旅游社区的调查研究证实了以上观点。     

云南省佤族翁丁村旅游发展中的社区增权可行性研究

拥有400多年历史的“中国最后一个原始部落”——佤族翁丁村，从原始社会过渡至社会主义社会，其社区管理兼具民族特色与社会主义制度特点，但也存在着一些失权现象，影响当地旅游发展。本文立足于二手资料搜集、实地调查、问卷调查、访谈等大量实践，引入Scheyvens提出的社区增权理论，从政治、经济、心理和社会4个方面了解影响其社区增权的因素，并进行翁丁社区增权的可行性研究，提出社区增权实现路径，以期促进当地旅游发展。     

断石村社区旅游:契约主导型社区参与及其增权意义

以广东丹霞山断石村为例,通过田野调查分析旅游发展成熟阶段,非少数民族、景区依附型乡村社区旅游参与模式及其增权途径。研究发现,断石村在依靠丹霞山景区参与旅游发展的历程中,自下而上地自主构建了基于契约平等观的民主村治制度、土地征租制度和利益分配制度,并基于契约信守观自主执行了这些制度,有效的控制和化解了外部干预和内部冲突,确保了村民真正参与到旅游决策、管理、经营和利益分配等各个环节,基本实现了政治、经济、心理和社会增权,为我国社区旅游实践提供了一种具有典型意义的"契约主导型社区增权模式"。研究指出,断石村自我增权是嵌入于社区外部的和内部的双重制度环境下的行动结果,如何改革和完善现有制度以强化制度的强制性和制裁性,构建旨在促进社会增权的新制度,是其实现可持续发展需要解决的问题。     

乡村旅游精英的权力维度及其阶段性呈现特征——以袁家村为例

精英的权力是社会分层和领导者研究领域的重点问题。随着乡村旅游的蓬勃发展,旅游精英成为带领农民致富的领路人,但旅游精英的权力却未获得足够关注。本文采用建构主义扎根理论方法,基于乡村旅游地居民的访谈资料和网络资料,探索旅游精英的权力维度如何呈现,并深入研究乡村旅游精英的权力是否会随旅游地生命周期呈现动态变化特征。研究发现:(1)旅游精英在乡村旅游发展中呈现六维权力:全局掌控权、制度制定权、空间生产权、声誉权、人情权与魅力权,进而以六维权力深入剖析了旅游精英带领村民致富的内部机理;(2)乡村旅游精英的六维权力处于动态演变中,在引入期、成长期、成熟期权力呈现特征显著不同。     

The tourism and local development in world heritage context. The case of the Mayan site of Palenque,Mexico

This article discusses the effects of tourism on local development in the context of World Heritage sites. The ‘Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque’ in Mexico will be used as a case study, with especial attention on local Indigenous communities. It analyses the use of ‘World Heritage’ as a brand for tourism promotion and expected tourism growth, and the changes in the role of the Indigenous peoples in archaeology and UNESCO policies. Furthermore, it examines the implementation of World Heritage policies by the Mexican government and the local decision-makers in Palenque. It presents the touristic elements of the site and how other factors have impacted tourism flow. The article points out the empowerment processes of modern Mayan people, the response by the official managers and the Indigenous reaction to governmental investments in tourism infrastructure. The article concludes that a shift from the current type management model to a new, participatory one could contribute to reduce social tension, fostering local development through tourism and improving communities’ quality of life. The data used for my analysis were collected during fieldwork in Palenque in 2014 and 2016.     

自然保护区社区共管对我国发展生态旅游的启示——兼论太白山大湾村实例

本文简要介绍了社区共管概念的内涵、由来及实施步骤,并以太白山大湾村为例进行研究,认为社区共管作为一种新的资源管理模式,能有效缓解我国社区发展与资源保护之间矛盾。在此基础上,提出利用社区共管开展生态旅游时必须注意的问题。     

Using PP GIS interviews to understand residents’ perspective of European ecological network Natura 2000

ABSTRACT

Sustainable nature-based tourism was brought to the public's attention as a solution to the problem of economic diversification in Central and Eastern European (CEE) communities included in European Ecological Network – N2000. However, Natura 2000 tourism development has not yet proven to be an effective way to boost local economies and the notion of sustainable tourism based on Natura 2000 resources has been challenged by residents of the CEE communities. The study goal was to explore issues concerning Natura 2000 tourism from the perspective of local residents within three municipalities of Ma?opolska in Poland to determine if Natura 2000 is perceived by local residents as a valuable tourism asset. We employed a mix-mode methodology: an in-depth interview and public participation GIS mapping task. The study results highlight several areas of concern regarding resident perspectives of Natura 2000-based tourism: first, the misconception that residents need and want nature-based tourism when other economic activities provide sufficient income; second, the misconception that Natura 2000 is considered a valuable asset when other tourism attractions in a municipality attract more visitors; third, the residents misconception of nature-based tourism itself; and last but not least the importance of engaging with residents when assessing the potential for Natura 2000 tourism. These findings can assist policy-makers and tourism managers with prioritizing avenues for further action.     

Entry points for local tourism in developing countries: evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

International tourism is an increasingly important source of income and employment for many developing countries with over 690 million annual international arrivals (World Tourism Organisation data). This paper considers the impact of tourism in the city of Yogyakarta, in Java, Indonesia, and asks whether one subsector of international tourism, namely backpacker tourism, provides a way for local people to enter this globalised industry. The paper examines the emergence of small‐scale, bottom‐ up tourism and its transformatory effect upon a previously poor kampung (urban village). It is suggested that the nature of small‐scale, locally owned tourism businesses, particularly their minimal capital requirements, may be seen as a form of ‘pro‐poor tourism’ and may provide a useful component of local economic development strategies for poor communities. Further, smallscale tourism development may also be seen as an effective local response to some of the effects of globalisation, specifically increasing flows of international tourists to developing countries.     

Benevolent and Benign? Using Environmental Justice to Investigate Waste‐related Impacts of Ecotourism in Destination Communities

Abstract:  We contribute to the diversification of environmental justice (EJ) by using it to frame ecotourism-related solid waste management problems. Ecotourism is a service industry portrayed as benevolent (providing benefits), and benign (reducing negative impacts). We propose four characteristics shared by ecotourism-based communities in the Global South and communities struggling with more conventional EJ conflicts. We apply these characteristics to the solid waste crisis in Tortuguero, Costa Rica, a renowned ecotourism destination. First, we show that, despite their general absences from the EJ literature, service industries such as tourism and hospitality can create environmental injustices that disproportionately impact certain types of communities. Second, we highlight the roles of location and socio-economic marginality in siting ecotourism development, in complicating related environmental impact management, and in limiting local abilities to respond to environmental management shortcomings. Third, we provide an example of opportunities to introduce EJ concepts and theory into the study of tourism.     

Understanding local innovation systems in peripheral tourism destinations

Tourism destinations in peripheral areas are often large regions established by centralised government agencies to encourage collaboration between dispersed communities and foster innovation. Relatively little research attention has been paid to the impact that centrally defined destination boundaries have on whether and how small communities contribute to innovation at a regional level. This paper examines the case of Burra, a small town in rural South Australia. It analyses the networking, collaboration and knowledge exchange behaviour of tourism stakeholders in the context of the state-government-defined ‘Clare Valley’ tourism region. Data were drawn from a web-based social network analysis, in-depth interviews, historic document analysis and field observations. The study found that the local tourism system had limited aspirations and capabilities to collaborate with other towns in the region. Lack of regional engagement was only partially due to intra-regional competition and resistance to regional boundaries. More significant barriers included a local culture of operating in isolation, an embedded reliance on public sector leadership to manage systemic interactions, an aging system with limited ambition to change and an inability to harness in-migrants and externally based stakeholders to stimulate knowledge transfer. Changing the imposed destination boundaries would have limited impact on the operation of the local system. The paper concludes that effective regional destination development in peripheral areas needs to be better informed by more detailed understandings of local tourism systems and their capacities to engage.     

Community perceptions to place attachment and tourism development in Finnish Lapland

Tourism in the Arctic is increasing rapidly and affecting local communities through land development pressures. In addition to providing economic opportunities, this development trend is affecting more intangible areas of life such as place attachment. The aim of this paper is to examine place attachment in tourism-dependent communities in the Arctic through place dependence and place identity. This is done through mapping sites with personal meanings and locally valued tourist sites in two communities in Finnish Lapland. The attachment is expressed in two different ways: currently, the economic activities are manifested almost exclusively through tourism development in Kilpisjärvi and Saariselkä, of which the most important sites are located in the natural landscape. As a result, the communities’ dependency on the natural surroundings is evident. The attachment also occurs through non-economic activities and is present through consumption-related actions, (e.g. fishing) as well as through less tangible issues, such as connecting with nature. The economic and consumption-related activities link with place dependence, whereas the more intangible factors with place identity. Mapping and calendar exercises helped to identify where the intensities of place attachment are located, and how they vary in space and time. Whilst considering place attachment and future tourism development, this paper also draws attention to changes in the local environment as a result of human activity, which may be amplified by climate change. When considering future tourism (or any) development, place attachment should carry a larger role in community and development planning.     

Perceptions of tourism impacts and community resilience to natural disasters

Evidence since at least the 1990s suggests that global climate patterns have undergone dramatic changes, often resulting in weather-induced natural disasters that have caused widespread environmental damage. Such conditions raise serious threats to communities that are dependent on natural resources and ecosystem services for tourism development. Communities located in high-risk disaster regions face greater challenges in developing a tourism economy that is both resilient and sustainable. Residents in these communities live with a constant awareness of external threats and try to build a degree of resilience that includes traditional disaster prevention measures and a long history of post-disaster reconstruction. It is necessary to understanding the relationships between tourism and community resilience to address planning and development goals in an era of increasing climate uncertainty.

Three communities are examined that are regularly exposed to the threats of typhoons and flooding and are located within National Scenic Areas in Taiwan. In-depth interviews with community leaders and surveys of residents were undertaken. Residents with high potential to experience natural disasters generally have high degrees of awareness of various forms of tourism impacts. Their perceptions of tourism impacts are positively correlated with community resilience. The strongest relationships are between a perception of the positive economic impacts from tourism and the local capacity for undertaking adaptive responses; and between an awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism and the perceived fragility of their environment. Empowering community resilience usually requires long-term capacity building and is correlated with all three types of perceived tourism impacts. Deconstruction of the special experiences of disaster-prone tourism destinations provides a more nuanced insight into the relationships between community knowledge and awareness of resilience needs and the role and impacts of tourism. This, in turn, facilitates understanding of community tourism development in the face of contemporary changes in weather and climate.     

Reconnecting tourism after COVID-19: the paradox of alterity in tourism areas

Abstract

One of the transformations induced by the almost complete halt of tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic has been a turning of the tourism sectors to a greater orientation towards their host communities. The enclavic tendencies of tourism areas, along with a multilayered approach to alterity gives insight into ongoing changes in the Quebec, Canada, tourism industry that have been enhanced by the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes points to a relinking of tourism to the needs of the host communities as part of a survival strategy in a time when there are no tourists, and could become, in the long run, a resilience strategy. On the other hand, there is a possibility of a reinforcement of the alterity and a further delinking of tourism in a “6?foot-tourism world” where sanitary safety would be at the core of a closed and controlled tourism development.     

Reconsidering global mobility – distancing from mass cruise tourism in the aftermath of COVID-19

Abstract

The mass cruise tourism industry (MCTI) is inscribed in a neoliberal production of tourism space that promotes the economic, sociocultural and environmental marginalization of cruise destinations. With cruise tourism halted as a result of the COVID-19, but likely to resume in 2021, I question the relevance of this form of tourism and propose future development alternatives aligned with deglobalisation and degrowth of the industry. Power relations with destinations communities can be critiqued using the concepts of global mobility and local mobility to show that the former, imperative for the deployment of mass cruise tourism, is a weakness for the industry in a post-pandemic perspective of reduced mobility. Destinations must use the industry’s dependence on global mobility as leverage to transform the balance of power in their favor and promote local mobility. They must embrace radical solutions to take control of their territory to favor a transition from “Growth for development” to “Degrowth for liveability”. Host territories, relying on national and regional governance, should gradually ban or restrict the arrival of mega-cruise ships, implement policies that promote the development of a niche cruise tourism industry (NCTI) with small ships and develop a fleet controlled by local actors.