SHEEP, GOATS, PIGS, CALVES AND DUCKS IN THE HOUSE OF THE LADY IN GIRSU （2400 B.C.） —— STUDIES ON OLD SUMERIAN ARCHIVES FROM GIRSU PART 4

In JAC 19, I investigated Lists of Monthly Barley-Wheat Distributions and Allowances （se-gar ziz-gar sa-dug4 itid-da）, with regard to the types and amount of fodder provided to donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the end years of Urukagina. In this paper, I found that from Urukagina Year 5, ii （2^nd month）, the daily fodder for donkeys, and the number of types of donkeys, were greatly reduced. Economic decline occurred in the reign of Urukagina, king of Lagash, from the fifth year on, possibly as a result of political decline. The fact that the archive of the House of The Lady ends in Urukagina＇s seventh year may imply that it is in this year that Lugalzaggesi, king of Umma, captured Lagash and Girsu.     

Li, Feng and David Prager Branner,eds., Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar

This welcome new collaborative volume tells a story that has not been investigated adequately:the rise and spread of literacy in ancient China.While there is a large bibliography of studies of the writing system itself,few scholars have addressed the question of literacy,that is,how writing was used in society,how people were taught to read and write,and how the practice advanced both geographically from the center to the periphery,and socially from the elite to what one of the contributors calls "the lower orders." Feng Li and David Prager Brarmer are to be applauded for bringing together eleven engrossing articles representing the finest scholarship in English and immensely clarifying these crucial phenomena.Constraints of space preclude consideration of each chapter in this long and carefully annotated book;1 in what follows,I shall attempt to sketch what the book accomplishes and the evidence on which it relies.     

Langmar Hall in Yerpa Village

Langmar Hall is a ＂Tibetan KTV＂. As in other cities like Lhasa, it is a very crowded place and also a big draw card for tourists. Different from KTVs in the mainland, Langmar Hall does not charge admission. It makes money from beer consumption, so the waitresses are happy to open beers for customers. They often stand beside you, raise your glass and propose a toast to you. Friends from the mainland are not aware of this trick, and believe it is required etiquette, so they are happy to drink as much as they can. People in Lhasa make fun of this and say that the     

Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon?1 Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.     

Iodel of Library Training Prograrm at the Tibet Library

Librarianship in Tibet has changed gradually through the years. Its development has been closely tied to the movement of history, economics, and culture in Tibet. There are many issues that have become obstacles in the development of Tibetan libraries. Foremost among these issues is the shortage of professionally trained librarians. This paper discusses the history of Tibetan libraries, and explores the situation of the library and information science （LIS） profession in Tibet. Finally, through analysis of current situations and problems, this paper discusses a model of a library training program at the Tibet library to provide variety and appropriate continuing education for librarians in Tibet.     

BEHIND THE DALAI LAMA‘S HOLY CLOAK(Ⅰ)

Editor‘s Note:Note:Dalai Lama has been changed so popular these years that it seems he becomes a logo to some extent.But who is the Dalai Lama?Most of people are puzzled.Not long before I read a couple of papers and enjoyed them very much.Maybe our readers are willing to share them and interested them.Here are excerpts from them. The one is from Michael Backman,who is an internationally renowned writer,columnist and speaker.He specializes in writing and speaking about Asia:its economies,politics,business...     

＂Bankers Are Stingy？＂ Re-Examining Stock Exchanges and Public Debt in Prewar Shanghai （1920s-1930s）

This review article surveys new studies of China＇s economy in the early twentieth century that have been published in both China and the West. It analyses the nuances that we find in these recently published studies and how those might improve our conventional understanding of the era, with particular emphasis on the link between fiscal revenue and stock-exchanges. First, a detailed introduction treats the evolution, beginning in the nineteenth century, of Shanghai＇s segmented stock exchanges in the context of wider global currents. Section two reprises the still common notion that heavy domestic borrowing by the Nationalist （Kuornintang, or GMD） government in the 1920s-1930s forestalled industrialization. Section three discusses at length the degree to which Chinese banks in that period may be seen as merely a GMD conduit of borrowing. Chinese banks were probably more conducive to Shanghai＇s industrialization than is usually acknowledged, and they also played a key role in stabilizing China＇s monetary environment well beyond their perceived focus on managing public debt. But more evidence needs to come to light, and this article sets out the areas in which future research might advance our knowledge. The conclusion will underscore how the various findings of scholars might, as a whole, remould current conceptions.     

New Books

One Hundred Cases of Tibetan Folk Culture
The author is Sakong Wangdu. The book records one hundred cases of basic Tibetan folk culture in its original forms. In particular, these cultural elements include many that have yet to be written down hence they are gradually being lost. The book promotes a positive approach to the rescue of the traditional folk culture of Tibet and is written in an easy-to-read style for the mass of people in pursuit of a better understanding Tibet and Tibetan culture. The China Tibetology Publishing House produced this book in February 2013 at the price of 36 Yuan （ISBN 9787802535619）.     

Circles AND CYCLES

正Coming to Tibet I came to Tibet in the normal way,that is,the normal way for many of the workers and students coming to Tibet:42hours on a train from Chengdu to Lhasa.Also,like many of the workers and students,I had a ticket for a hard seat.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGYPT AND PALESTINE IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE （CA.2000-1550／1500 BCE.）

The relationship between Egypt and Palestine during the Bronze Age has been discussed since the 1940s. For the period of the Middle Bronze Age, the problem is both chronological and interpretative. The end of the Middle Bronze Age is fixed by the initial military activities of Dynasty 18 in Palestine around the end of the 16th century BCE. But the dates for the beginning of this period and the transition from one archaeological phase to another are still debated. Lacking a generally accepted solution, the chronology adopted here is that of Dever --- the transition from MB Ⅰ to MB Ⅱ occurred around 1800 BCE,     

Policy Blending,Fuzzy Chronology,and Local Understandings of National Initiatives in Early 1950s China

This article proposes the concept of policy blending to improve our understanding of the densely interactive quality of political initiatives in early 1950s China. Using three cases studies, I argue that policy blending, defined as the process by which previous political experiences shaped the implementation and interpretation of those subsequent to them （sometimes in ways contrary to the government＇s intentions）, occurred frequently during this period, to the extent that people＇s understanding of the first years of Chinese Communist Party rule cannot be separated from this phenomenon. Using examples from marriage registration, the Marriage Law and the national discussion of the 1954 draft Constitution, I advance the historiographical argument that the early 1950s should not be demarcated by, or taught mainly with reference to, ＂temporally encapsulated＂ policies with clear beginnings and ends （i.e., policy ＂a＂ occurred in year ＂b,＂ followed by policy ＂c＂ in year ＂d＂）. Rather, policies seeped into each other, producing a blurry--but sometimes accurate--＂impression＂ of state power. I further suggest that the concept of policy blending can be helpful in understanding subsequent political initiatives as well.     

A Small Project In Tibet——Project for Strengthening Tibetan Traditional Medicine （PSTTM）

The Tibetan Red Cross has a branch in Tibet and in LhasaCity, whose members are openminded, non bureaucratic and sincerely dedicated to the improvement of poor people‘s standard of living and life conditions. So, at the end of the year 2000, they accepted a small project that they have been working with and supporting since with success. The cooperation of local authorities (Lhundrup and Medrogongkar)at every stage and level also contributed enormously to the achievements of the project, It must be underlined that although the sponsors are Europeans and there is one foreigner working with inPSTTM, the work and expertise are solely based on local Tibetan and Chinese knowledge. The reason is simple: there is enough local knowledge for everything needed for this project.     

From Tongbo Village to Widow Village—The Legacy of the Chinese Civil War

Located on Dongshan Island,off the coast of Fujian province,is a typical rural village called Tongbo.On May 10,1950,147 men were abducted by the KMT army on its way to Taiwan.Since a majority of the men were already married,overnight,their wives became "widows," and most would remain so for the rest of their lives.Consequently,Tongbo village became more widely known as Widow Village.The first objective of this paper is to document the tragic experiences of men and women in Tongbo village,focusing on these forced separations in 1950,the possibility of reunion after 1987,and the struggle to cope with the difficulties in between.The second objective of this paper is to argue that while heartbreaking,the experiences of this village are not extraordinary in the context of the Chinese Civil War.What made the men and women in Tongbo extraordinary is not their collective suffering,but how these villagers suffered less,not more,than in many other places,because of the actions of three key figures.     

Alexander von Stael-Holstein and his Sino-Indian Institute

Alexander von Stael-Holstein （I877-I937） was a world famous Russian orientalist who, in the early part of the 2oth century, lived permanently in Beijing for various reasons.＇ On the recommendation of Hu Shi胡适, he received a teaching position at Peking University. In i929 he was formally appointed professor of Central Asian Philology at Harvard University, staying there for one academic year. Although a Harvard professor, he did not stay in the United States, but continued to live in Peking, directing his Sino-Indian Institute （SII） which he had founded in i927. After receiving the Harvard professorship, the Sino-Indian Institute became part of the Harvard-Yenching Institute （the HYI）. As he wrote, only in Beijing could he do his beloved research on Buddhist texts in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chi- nese. At the SII, he received American students sent by the HYI, as well as young scholars from various countries who came to study Buddhist texts. This paper will present this well- known academic story, based on Stael-Holstein＇s correspondence that is preserved at the Harvard-Yenching Library, of which most is in English, but some are in German, French and Russian.     

Founding of the TAR As I Recorded

In the early spring of 1965, the Nationalities Pictorial Press learned from the Central People＇s Government representative in Tibet, Zhang Jingwu, that a picture album was to be published to mark the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Chairman Mao Zedong was invited to write its title, ＂Collected Paintings on the Tibet Autonomous Region＂. The press sent Zhang Guanrong, Zhaxi Nyima and I to Tibet for gathering the pictures and for interviews.     

在字母教学中渗透音标教学参考教学设计

正一、设计内容Go for it(Year Seven):Book I:Starter Unit 2What’s this in English?(Period one)二、教学目标By the end of the session,most Ss will be able to:1)read the names of the school things.2)ask and answer the names of school things by use of:What’s this in English?It’s a/an…3)read and write the letters Ii-----Rr,and these letters’pronunciations.These will be achieved by:a)Show the pictures of the school things,and then give the names of them.Teaching Ss how to read the names of the school things.At last Ss can read the names of the school things and know what are they stand for.     

SEQUENCE OF INTERNAL EVENTS DURING THE FOUNDATION PERIOD OF THE HITTITE KINGDOM

The events we will be dwelling upon and which are known from the cuneiform sources unearthed at Bogazkoey date directly to the time of Hattusili I or later, and provide information about the foundation period of the Hittite kingdom which took place in the cities that were closely linked to or directly occurring in the capital city, Hattusa, or elsewhere. It is not possible to put campaigns, conquests and the events in exact chronological order within the foundation period of the Hittite kingdom. However, it can be said that while the early part of the reign of Hattusili I was mostly a period when the borders were expanded by military campaigns and conquests, the later part of this king‘s reign was most probably when internal turmoil arose.