马家窑文化人物形象分区分期及同时期区域对比研究

马家窑文化包含丰富的不同工艺、纹饰人物形象,本研究在人物形象分类的基础上,首先对马家窑文化人物形象进行了考古学分期、以及人物形象区域分布研究,其后选取东部、中亚地区同时期的人物形象作了对比研究。研究发现:马家窑文化人物形象可分为两期,一期以动物拟人纹与人物形体纹为主,其中,鲵人纹与舞蹈纹是此期特色,器口人面塑中出现了哭泣、惊讶的面部表情。二期出现蛙人纹,大量其他彩绘人物形体消失,继承一期以器口作人面的技法,对面部的五官塑造更加细致,表情更加多样,出现了精致又寓意非凡的裸体人像彩陶壶。马家窑文化人物形象可分为三区,从东往西传播与发展;与东部、中亚同时期人物形象对比,马家窑文化人形象种类和技法更具本地源流,且与其他地区异中有同。本研究为研究马家窑文化的来龙去脉、以及不同文化间相互交流提供参考和依据,对后续分析文化人物形象内涵等均有重要意义。     

简论马家窑彩陶艺术之美

中国陶瓷艺术的源头是彩陶,彩陶艺术在中国陶瓷史上占有举足轻重的地位。彩陶艺术是从自然界中获取灵感,并融合了创作者的生活经验,通过对原有形态的抽象和概括,创造出实用、美观的造型和自然朴实的装饰纹样。本文通过对马家窑彩陶的器型、纹饰的研究,从深层次解析了马家窑彩陶的艺术之美。     

鸟眼漩涡纹彩陶碗赏析

马家窑彩陶碗为日常生活用具,它反映出5000多年前马家窑文化时期的绘画艺术和发达的手工业水平。彩陶碗的铸造工艺精湛,结构设计合理,造型纹饰优美,实用功能突出。     

马家窑彩陶摹绘

马家窑文化是我国新石器时代晚期的一种文化,因1923年首次发现于甘肃临洮马家窑,故名。马家窑文化主要分布在甘肃的洮河、大夏河和青海的湟水流域,它代表着黄土高原与青藏高原衔接地带农牧兼具,并以农业生产为主的文化形态。马家窑文化时期,人们广泛使用石器和骨器,并伴有大量的陶器。马家窑陶器有彩陶瓶、彩陶钵、彩陶盆、彩陶壶等,图案绚丽多彩。陶器底色以橙黄为主,表面打磨精细,常用     

库库特尼—特里波利文化彩陶与中国史前彩陶的相似性

库库特尼—特里波利文化是分布在黑海西部和北部的重要史前文化,时代与中国仰韶文化庙底沟类型和马家窑文化马家窑期大体相当,而且在彩陶纹饰和器型上都与其有很高度的相似性。本文对库库特尼—特里波利文化的基本文化内涵和分期进行了介绍,列举了其彩陶与庙底沟类型和马家窑期彩陶的多种相似性。因为在此两大文化体之间的中亚地带没有发现可以起到桥梁作用的文化,还难以断定这样的相似性是文化交流的结果,但造成相似性的原因和两大文化体不同的发展历程都是值得深入探究的问题。     

白龙江流域马家窑文化相关问题探析

在距今5000年左右的白龙江流域,气候适合人类生存,孕育出灿烂彩陶文化,构成马家窑文化的重要组成部分。马家窑文化时期,白龙江流域的农业和手工业有了一定的发展,但发展水平低于仰韶晚期文化。马家窑文化顺白龙江而下,传播到四川北部岷江流域,扩展了马家窑文化的范围。白龙江流域的马家窑文化是多元文化交融的结果,正好介于核心文化区和边缘文化区之间,是十分重要的环节。白龙江流域马家窑文化是人类文明交流互鉴的产物,促成丰富多彩的史前文化。     

马家窑文化的彩陶

马家窑文化产生于距今五千七百多年的新石器时代晚期,其中包括的几种主要类型有马家窑类型、半山类型、马厂类型,它历经了三千多年的发展时期后走向衰落。到公元前的夏、商以后逐渐结束。它主要分布于黄河上游的甘肃、青海的洮河、大夏河、湟水流域一带,因1923年首先发现于甘肃临洮的马家窑村而得名。     

浅探马家窑文化彩陶艺术

本文从马家窑文化的渊源、分期、彩陶概况、彩陶特征等方面阐述了马家窑文化彩陶艺术。     

半山类型的形成与东部文化的西迁

半山类型虽然总体上是在马家窑类型的基础上,经小坪子期发展而来,但应当承认,其与马家窑类型的关系,明显疏远于石岭下类型和马家窑类型以及半山类型和马厂类型的关系。半山类型的形成是马家窑文化发展过程中最重要的一次转折,主要体现在突然涌现出来的屈肢葬、黑红复彩等诸多新因素方面。这些基本不见于马家窑类型的新因素,理当有其他的来源。     

浅谈马家窑彩陶及其鉴别

马家窑文化是黄河上游新石器时代晚期文化,甘肃新石器时代文化以丰富的彩陶为特征,特别是马家窑文化的彩陶,达到了彩陶艺术的巅峰,代表了中国彩陶艺术灿烂辉煌的成就。马家窑彩陶具有非凡的文化价值、欣赏价值及收藏价值。其真伪的鉴别方法多样,既有普遍性、常识性的鉴别方法,又有特殊性、科学性的鉴别手段。     

Interactions of antimatter with the atmosphere

There are two sets of observations, presently inexplicable, which may be interpreted in terms of cometary material consisting of antimatter interacting with the Earth's atmosphere. The first (largest) of these is the Tunguskan Object (TO) and Event (TE) of 1908. The second is radar observations at 73MHz made in June 1953 at Jodrell Bank as part of the meteor/radio-aurora observational programme. Publication of these data was suppressed because, at that time, no interpretation was possible within the then existing framework of physics and, in addition, the radar echoes were not detected on nominally similar equipment operating at 72MHz. Additional evidence for the existence of antimatter interacting with the atmosphere is discussed.     

曹操用儒 文定中原

东汉末年曹操能够在雄豪并起的北方脱颖而出,统一中原,传统观点普遍认为是因曹操擅长法术、善于用兵,与其谥号“武帝”相符。本文推研众多史料后发现,曹操取胜中原的关键是他在东汉末年特殊的社会背景下采取了正确的“用儒”政策,借儒家的大旗笼络了一大批以儒家名士为代表的世家大族,致使“天下忠正效实之士成愿为用”壮大了自己的势力,得以逐鹿中原。     

罗马教廷与商人关系的历史考察

学术界一般认为,中古教会因其抑商而成为西欧社会转型的障碍。但从长时段的现实经济生活层面看,实情要远为复杂。即如教廷与商人的关系而言,在中古时代更多的是相互利用,商人为教廷服务,后者则提供保护。到近代早期,教廷变为依赖商人借贷生活,商人则通过教廷的这种依赖,最后跻身于教会贵族的行列。商人银行家集团在教廷中的兴起为资本主义的兴起与社会转型提供了极为有利的社会文化环境。在西欧社会转型过程中,天主教更多的是被迫去适应现实经济社会发展的普遍趋势。     

Forms of lay association with the Order of the Temple

The present study investigates the development of three concepts of lay association with the Order of the Temple that have hitherto often been considered as distinctive from each other but that are, in fact, in many ways interconnected: the confrater, the donatus and the miles ad terminum. Examining the motivation of lay men and women to associate with the Temple, as well as the various implications of the forms of association they chose, the study argues that at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the constellation of the Order's confraternities underwent drastic changes and that these had been instigated by canon lawyers and formulated in the decrees of Lateran III and IV. As a response the donats, as a particular category of confratres, established themselves as the most prominent expression of lay association with the Temple. What is more, since the concept of the donat gained prominence when that of the Templar novice was in decline, it will also be argued that, for very different reasons, the concept of the Templar donat as well as that of the ‘temporary knight’ (miles ad terminum), which was as old as the Order itself, could eventually have been conceived and employed as two forms of novitiate in disguise, which helped attract the attention of laymen who would have otherwise been reluctant to profess fully into a military order.     

Forms of lay association with the Order of the Temple

The present study investigates the development of three concepts of lay association with the Order of the Temple that have hitherto often been considered as distinctive from each other but that are, in fact, in many ways interconnected: the confrater, the donatus and the miles ad terminum. Examining the motivation of lay men and women to associate with the Temple, as well as the various implications of the forms of association they chose, the study argues that at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the constellation of the Order's confraternities underwent drastic changes and that these had been instigated by canon lawyers and formulated in the decrees of Lateran III and IV. As a response the donats, as a particular category of confratres, established themselves as the most prominent expression of lay association with the Temple. What is more, since the concept of the donat gained prominence when that of the Templar novice was in decline, it will also be argued that, for very different reasons, the concept of the Templar donat as well as that of the ‘temporary knight’ (miles ad terminum), which was as old as the Order itself, could eventually have been conceived and employed as two forms of novitiate in disguise, which helped attract the attention of laymen who would have otherwise been reluctant to profess fully into a military order.     

从清东陵的营建和维修看清王朝的盛衰

清东陵是清王朝入关后修建的第一座陵园,先后共建有16座帝后妃陵寝,大小单体建筑达580座.清东陵自康熙二年首建孝陵起,到光绪三十四年重修慈禧陵竣工止,修陵时间历经近两个半世纪,几乎与王朝的存亡相始终.因时代关系,各陵在建筑规模、筹款、用料、所用时间以及工程质量、维修等方面,存在着很大的差异.清王朝的盛衰可以从陵寝的修建中得以窥见.     

Struggling with the Past

Many postprocessual archaeologists have argued that active individuals make history. The apotheosis of the individual has been achieved under the rubric identity, the most pervasive theoretical term of the last few years. This focus obscures the fundamental idea that individuals do not exist in isolation. The relational concept of struggle will help us past this theoretical impasse. This concept has many components including real struggles in the past, our struggles to know the past, and using the past to struggle in the present. Our goal is to struggle past identity politics and the individual by focusing on peoples' real struggles in real cases.     

《奏谳书》地名札记(四则)

１９８３年发掘的湖北江陵张家山２４７号墓出土的《奏谳书》,保存了大量有关刑狱司法的议罪案例,是反映汉初法律制度的重要出土文献[１］。汉代司法制度规定,县廷是基层审判机关,相关案件通常按照所属地域区划来处理,遇到有疑议不决的案子,需经县（道）向郡上谳,郡不能决再上奏至廷尉,以做决断。因此《奏谳书》案例中出现的地名在一定程度上可反映汉初的政治区划状况,对于我们了解秦末汉初的一些历史地理面貌有所帮助。本文选择几则地名试作讨论。一、夷道夷道,见于案例一。该案记录了高祖十一年八月在夷道发生的一起逃亡事件：…     

"方孔石器"是古代乐器

岳石文化方孔石器发现之后,对它的用途一直认识不太清楚.经对新出土的仰韶文化方孔石器的观察和研究,可初步推断,其应为远古时代的乐器--方孔石磬.