法门寺出土“秘色瓷”窑口辨析

1987年在陕西扶风法门寺塔地宫内出土一批稀世珍宝,其中有晚唐瓷器16件,物帐明确记载为“秘色瓷”,引起古陶瓷界的重视。经多位专家鉴定为越窑产品。而属越窑的哪个窑口,尚无论及。越窑是我国古代一个著名的窑系,包括上虞窑、慈溪上林湖窑、鄞县东钱湖窑等,我们认为法门寺出土之“秘色瓷”当属上林湖窑产品。其理由如下: (一)法门寺出土的瓷器中有一件八棱净水瓶,小直口,圆唇,细长颈,耸肩,浅圈足,通体施青绿色釉,釉层薄而均匀。在上林湖Y66、Y61、Y63晚唐窑址出土了净水瓶的口沿、肩部及底部,釉色完全一样,     

“洪州窑”瓷器赏与鉴

<正>历史概况洪州窑遗址主要坐落在今天南昌(古洪州)南30公里的丰城境内。纵横20余公里窑址连绵,延烧时间从东汉至晚唐五代历经800余载,形成了一个庞大的青瓷窑系,其中一个著名子窑口位于抚州红旗桥镇的宜黄河岸边。目前,考古学家已在10多个省市发现过洪州窑青瓷遗存,出土了许多洪州窑青瓷精美之器,足以证实当时洪州窑青瓷生产盛况空前。陆羽《茶经》中指出:"碗,越州上,鼎州次,婺州次,岳州次,寿州、洪州     

关于浙江“黄岩窑”青瓷工艺技术相关问题的研究——以黄岩沙埠窑址群为例

为探索"黄岩窑"青瓷的工艺技术及艺术装饰特征,并探讨该窑场与同时期浙东地区的"越窑"青瓷的关系,本研究从田野考古调查入手,通过对黄岩沙埠窑窑址及窑场周围地面考古调查和典型青瓷标本的实物取样,结合科技考古的手段,着重对其产品特征、制瓷工艺技术及烧造年代等方面进行科学研究。通过光学显微镜解剖了黄岩出土青瓷胎釉的内部结构;通过热释光技术对黄岩出土青瓷典型标本进行年代测定;并运用EDXRF技术对黄岩出土青瓷标本和上林湖越窑标本的胎釉化学成分进行检测并对比分析。研究表明:浙江黄岩沙埠窑址是晚唐至南宋时期浙江重要的窑址遗存,具有较高的陶瓷烧造技艺。     

景德镇早期窑业的探索——兰田窑发掘的主要收获

本文依据景德镇浮梁县兰田窑窑址考古发掘资料,探讨了9~10世纪景德镇窑业的生产状况。首先介绍了兰田窑的基本情况和发掘的概况,并根据兰田窑大金坞窑址的发掘简报和万窑坞窑址初步整理的成果,探讨了景德镇早期窑业的三个问题。第一,根据万窑坞窑址发掘清理的五代早期窑炉遗迹,结合乐平南窑清理的晚唐时期龙窑,浮梁盈田凤凰山窑址清理的北宋早期窑炉,初步总结了景德镇地区早期龙窑从长变短,坡度从缓到陡,建筑方式从土筑到砖砌的变化趋势。第二,根据兰田窑发掘的地层,将景德镇地区9~10世纪的窑业分为5个发展阶段,并根据初步的整理结果对5个发展阶段的时代进行推断,总结了各期的基本面貌和特点。第三,万窑坞窑址地层出土资料显示,9~10世纪景德镇生产的主要瓷器品种青绿釉、青灰釉、白釉等各类器物,在所有地层中均同时出土,表明这三类器物的生产不存在早晚相继的关系,而是同时生产的不同质量和特点的器物。同时,从这三类产物的胎釉特征制作工艺、器物造型及装烧方法等观察,其分别受到了江西洪州窑、浙江越窑和北方地区白瓷生产技术的影响,也有少量长沙窑的工艺特征。     

上林湖后司岙窑址晚唐五代秘色瓷的显微结构研究

本文运用扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱仪对后司岙秘色瓷窑址出土晚唐、五代秘色瓷和普通越窑青瓷的显微结构进行鉴别与定量分析.研究表明:(1)秘色瓷与同一时期普通越窑青瓷胎、釉的显微结构存在差异,秘色瓷釉层中几乎没有原料残余相和晶体生成,胎体中大孔隙少,残余石英小且圆润,表明秘色瓷在原料处理、装烧方法等工艺上进行了革新和改变.(2)晚唐至五代,普通越窑青瓷釉中草木灰残余相组成和形貌差异明显,推测晚唐至五代时期越窑釉料配方可熊发生了改变.(3)研究证实了秘色瓷的烧制工艺更为规范、标准,是越窑工匠精益求精地进行工艺创新的产物.     

上林湖后司岙窑址秘色瓷的成分特征研究

为揭示秘色瓷胎釉成分特征及其与普通越窑青瓷之间的异同,并探讨越窑青瓷制釉技术的时代特征,本文采用X射线荧光能谱仪(EDXRF)对慈溪上林湖后司岙和荷花芯窑址出土的青瓷标本进行了无损测试。结果表明:(1)后司岙窑址秘色瓷的胎体元素组成与普通越窑青瓷无明显的差异,即二者均采用当地的瓷石原料制胎;(2)晚唐和五代秘色瓷釉的元素组成与同时期普通越窑青瓷也无明显差异,其独特的釉色与其采用瓷质匣钵的烧制工艺有关;(3)晚唐至五代时期越窑青瓷釉料配方可能发生了重大改变,即由早期的瓷石加草木灰的二元配方变成瓷石加草木灰、石灰石的三元配方。(4)晚唐至五代秘色瓷以及五代耀州窑青瓷、北宋汝官窑、南宋官窑以及龙泉南宋青瓷均将釉中氧化钙的含量严格控制在10%?14%范围之内,即各个窑口的制釉技术是非常类似的。     

五代北宋时期的越窑青瓷——以中心——边缘关系切入

本文以上林湖窑区、上虞窑寺前窑区、东钱湖窑区等窑址以及墓葬中出土的材料为主要研究对象,运用世界系统理论中的中心—边缘关系,结合相关文献,对上述越窑窑址在五代北宋时期的青瓷生产与不同政治经济实体之间的关系进行探讨。     

洪州窑青瓷研究

洪州窑位列唐代六大青瓷名窑,始烧于东汉晚期,终烧于晚唐五代,延烧800余年。洪州窑窑址位于今江西丰城市,瓷胎在兴盛期以优质的低价铁瓷土为原料,在肇始和终烧期以高价铁瓷土为原料,釉料配方以石灰釉为主,器形丰富多样。烧瓷工艺上有多项发明,如使用化妆土和测温火照、匣钵装烧等。洪州窑的兴起得益于窑工掌握了原料的精制、较高的烧成温度、良好的烧成气氛以及窑场附近优质的瓷土资源和充足的燃料、发达的水系等因素。随着瓷土枯竭,洪州窑逐渐衰弱。     

江西洪洲窑考古又有新发现

洪州窑是唐代六大名窑之一。它最早见于唐陆羽《茶经》。为全面深入地探讨洪州窑,江 西省文物考古研究所在1979年对洪州窑首次发掘的基础上,又曾于1992年秋至1996年春,会 同北京大学考古系和丰城市博物馆组成联合考古队,对丰城市境内赣江两岸的诸多窑址进行 过一次全面细致的实地调查,并择重点作了多次考古发掘,先后开探方27个,总揭露面积达 568平方米,出土各类窑工具和青瓷器11985件,揭示隋唐时代古窑址5座,对其中保存较为 完整的曲江镇寺前山窑炉加盖了新保护房,为配合江西文物古迹旅游迈出了可喜的一步,曾 多次接待过日本、…     

洪州窑贡瓷探谜

洪州窑是我国古代南方六大著名青瓷产地之一,关于这一点,人们或许早已从唐代品茗大家陆羽《茶经》的论述中略知一二。但对洪州窑青瓷的整体面貌长期仍然缺乏足够的了解。随着近年来许多洪州窑遗存不断面世,尤其是那些图案装饰丰富,器物线条流畅,釉汁莹润,仿宫廷金银器高档瓷器的出土,逐渐引起了海内外青瓷研究学者的兴趣：洪州窑青瓷中这类精美典雅的器皿,当时一般普通百姓是用不起的,那么是不是继越窑秘色瓷之后的又一种宫廷贡瓷呢？     

Compositional and Microstructural Study of KoryŎ Celadon and Whiteware Excavated from SŎRi Kiln in Kyŏnggi Province

An extensive study of the composition and microstructure of celadon and whiteware sherds excavated at Sori, one of the most important sites that were active during the founding stage of the stoneware and porcelain industry in Korea, was carried out. The analysed sherds were organized according to four different levels of the excavation and four different styles of haemurigup foot rim. Principal component analysis of the chemical compositions of the sherds revealed slight differences in their body and glaze compositions between the levels of excavation. Porcelain stone with high silica and low aluminium contents was generally used as the body material and wood ash as the chief flux in the glaze. Over the period of operation, the aluminium content in the bodies of the ceramics decreased and the P₂O₅ content in the glazes increased. Glazed bodies were fired in a single step, in contrast to the two‐step method used in later ceramic production. Firing conditions were adjusted to produce vitrification of the glazes, which meant that vitrification of the ceramic bodies occurred to varying extents, mostly determined by the relative contents of flux in the body and the glaze.     

古陶瓷科学技术研究在科技考古中的三例应用

利用多元统计分析方法研究了从杭州古中河南段采集的月白釉瓷片,浙江临安天目山地区发现的黑釉瓷片和景德镇历代青花瓷片的胎、釉化学组成和青花色料的变化规律。从而讨论了杭州古中河南段采集的瓷片可能就是凤凰山下万松林附近的修内司官窑制品;指山临安天目山地区新发现的窑群和黑釉瓷才是名副其实的天目窑和天目瓷;发现了元代以及明初洪武和永乐朝青花瓷所用的料可能是来自西域的进口料,而宣德青花瓷所用的色料多数可能是国产的粘土矿。     

广东博罗先秦硬陶的XRF和INAA研究

为揭示广东博罗梅花墩、银岗、横岭山三地古陶器的产源、烧造工艺、技术传播和化交流等方面情况,用波长色散X射线荧光分析(WDXRF)、仪器中子活化分析(INAA)同时测量了广东博罗梅花墩、银岗、横岭山等三地点所出38片西周至春秋、战国硬陶中Al、Ba等元素的含量。并用主成分分析分别处理了测量数据。两套数据的分析结果均表明,梅花墩、银岗和横岭山的硬陶原料互不相同,各地点硬陶可能主要是“自烧自用”。数据分析还表明在南方各省区中,广东硬陶具有Al2O3含量偏高这一明显的地区特征。     

A STUDY OF ANCIENT CHINESE PORCELAIN WARES OF THE SONG‐YUAN DYNASTIES FROM CIZHOU AND DING KILNS WITH ENERGY DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE*

Multi‐variable statistical analysis based on energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence measurements on both porcelain body and glaze is employed to give clear and consistent classification of porcelain sherds from northern China of different styles from the Song‐Yuan dynasties (Ding and Cizhou styles), and also from the Sui‐Tang dynasties (Xing style). However, the observed separation is less clear for Cizhou style sherds produced at neighbouring kiln sites. Imitation Ding porcelain samples produced by ancient Cizhou potters are also analysed.     

A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF TRADITIONAL KOREAN CELADONS AND THEIR MODERN DEVELOPMENTS

Eighty sherds from nine different kiln sites representing a wide geographic distribution and a long time span of Korean celadon culture are analysed for macroscopic and compositional characteristics. Additionally chemical and mineral compositions of six unglazed sherds are compared with those of some modern raw materials. Unusually high values of alumina in the earliest Kangjin pieces of the middle ninth and early tenth century (I¹) could represent a significant technological innovation at the end of this period at this most important celadon production centre. Similarity in chemical and mineral compositions between unglazed sherds and some raw materials such as Kangjin clay and pottery stone show the possibility that many of the celadons were made from these types of raw materials as found in nature without additives and only after mechanical refining.     

New Insights into the Calcium Flux Used in Ancient Longquan and Yue Kilns Based on Strontium Isotopic Compositions

The glazes of seven types of greenware produced in the Yue and Longquan kilns between the Tang dynasty and the Ming dynasty (ad 618–1644) were studied for their strontium isotopic compositions and bulk chemical compositions. The aim was to identify the raw materials used as the calcium fluxes in the glaze recipes and whether the raw materials changed over time, particularly before and after the Southern Song dynasty (ad 1127–1279). From this work, botanic ash has been identified as the raw material used as the calcium flux in all the seven glaze types studied, and some related ceramic historical issues are also discussed.     

安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉初步研究

本文利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪与电子探针能谱仪对安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉的显微结构、物相和化学组成进行了分析,并与同时期的湖北青山窑和江西景德镇窑青白瓷釉进行了对比研究,认为繁昌窑青白瓷釉属于钙系釉中钙釉类型,其瓷釉配方工艺与青山窑与湖田窑相似,应由一种“釉石”加入石灰石及草木灰制成。     

宋代汝瓷研究

本文报导了从河南省平顶山清凉寺汝窟遗址出土的官窑和民窑青瓷样品的测试结果。给出用 ＰＩＸＥ方法测得的胎、釉的化学组成和微量元素含量。实验结果：官汝和民汝样品胎的化学组成基本一 致;而釉的化学组成明显不同。本文也给出用多元统计方法分析南方青瓷（龙泉窟、上林湖青瓷）和北 方青瓷（汝官窑、汝民窑、钧窑、耀州窑、段店窑）的化学组成和微量元素含量在聚类分析中的结果。     

The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700–221 BC)

Bodies and glazes of 54 proto-porcelain sherds and 18 non proto-porcelain samples from Shang and Zhou periods production sites in Deqing, Zhejiang province were analysed by EPMA-WDS. The results indicate that the bodies of all samples were made from local raw material – porcelain stone, with the proto-porcelain samples being made from clay of higher quality. Wood ashes, high in lime and low in potash, were intentionally applied to the proto-porcelain samples, resulting in the formation of lime-rich glazes whose compositions were determined by a temperature-controlled mechanism. In contrast, kiln fragments and furniture show a potash-rich fuel vapour glaze, which formed unintentionally during use of the kiln. The firing temperature for most of the proto-porcelain glazes is around the maturing temperature for typical more recent lime glazes, showing that the potters were already at such an early time able to attain sufficiently high temperature in their kilns.     

上林湖越窑青瓷胎釉化学组成的EDXRF分析

为系统了解历代上林湖地区越窑青瓷胎釉化学组成的特点,本研究采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱技术(EDXRF),对唐代、五代、北宋和南宋上林湖越窑青瓷作了分析。分析结果表明,越窑胎釉组成是低铝高硅的南方青瓷特征,有一定量的杂质,历代瓷釉均为高钙釉;从唐代到南宋,越窑青瓷胎的化学组成未发生明显的变化,但唐代青瓷、北宋透明釉青瓷、南宋乳浊釉青瓷釉的化学组成存在一些差异;南宋越窑部分青瓷的外观虽然发生了变化,但釉料仍延续了越窑独特的工艺配方,与北方青瓷和南方官窑青瓷等的釉料差异明显。分析同时表明:该技术的使用为解决薄釉的样品处理难题提供了一条途径。