关于新航路的开辟与郑和下西洋的主因讨论及其对现今的借鉴意义

新航路开辟的根源在于商品经济的发展,是经济性质的;而郑和下西洋的根本原因是政治性质的。导致两者之间差异的是海洋文明与农耕文明的区别。在对二者的简要分析中可以得出如下结论:国家政策的制定必须以实际的国家利益为根本着眼点;大国地位的确立需要强有力的经济基础和军事实力;要进一步走向世界,充分利用国际资源实现社会进步;应该重视海洋,走向海洋,培养中华民族的开拓进取精神及创新精神。     

关于新航路的开辟与郑和下西洋的主因讨论及其对现今的借鉴意义

新航路开辟的根源在于商品经济的发展,是经济性质的;而郑和下西洋的根本原因是政治性质的。导致两者之间差异的是海洋文明与农耕文明的区别。在对二者的简要分析中可以得出如下结论：国家政策的制定必须以实际的国家利益为根本着眼点;大国地位的确立需要强有力的经济基础和军事实力;要进一步走向世界,充分利用国际资源实现社会进步;应该重视海洋,走向海洋,培养中华民族的开拓进取精神及创新精神。     

郑和下西洋·新航路开辟·明清景德镇瓷器外销欧美

古代景德镇瓷器,不仅满足省内、国内人民的需要,而且还大量向海外输出,受到各国人民的广泛欢迎。从宋代开始,景德镇瓷器通过海上丝绸之路传播到亚洲、非洲的许多国家。明代郑和七下西洋和新航路开辟之后,海外交通更加兴盛,海洋贸易更加拓展,景德镇瓷器对外贸易随之大幅增长,     

再论明政府允许葡人租借澳门的原因

明政府为什么允许葡人租借澳门呢？历史上主要存在着“葡萄牙人协助中国政府驱逐海盗得澳门酬劳”说和经济动因说２种。而作者认为,以上两种说法虽均有一定道理,但都没有看到问题的实质。事实上,明政府允许葡人租借澳门是政治、军事因素起决定性作用。允许葡人租借澳门符合明政府对外关系的总构思,是明政府推行“以夷制夷”政策的需要,也是中西方两股力量初次交锋势力大致均衡的结果。同时,葡人卑恭的态度迎合了明朝统治者虚妄自大心理,这对允葡租澳起到重要推动作用。     

商纣俎醢侯伯新证

战国秦汉时的文献中常言商王纣脯醢俎杀诸侯方伯,并认为这是周武王兴兵讨伐、商纣亡国的一个主要原因。古今不少学者对此多有怀疑。今地下出土的晚商金文及殷墟甲骨文资料可证商纣俎醢酋长侯伯并祭祀先王完全是历史事实。从殷墟卜辞看,商代从武丁起以人为牲的情况呈递减趋势。商纣俎醢酋长侯伯不是个人品质性格问题,而是殷人文化习俗观念使然。     

The end of the West: the once and future Europe

Europe and the United States—the West—urgently need political leadership, economic fortitude and a clear vision of the future if they are to contend with the challenges posed by emerging regional powers and to resist the downward pressures of ‘relative decline’, the central focus of David Marquand's book, The end of the West: the once and future Europe. Central to this goal will be the West's ability to ‘rebalance’ between its institutions and democracy; its power and commitments; and its political and moral authority. Europe must ‘rebalance’ on issues related to ethnicity and identity, governance and authority, and civilization and territory. EU enlargement and its institutional reform processes have exacerbated this imbalance. American foreign policy objectives currently exceed its resources and are hampered by lack of strategic clarity and intellectual vision which keeps the United States from achieving an adaptive leadership model more capable of successfully operating in an increasingly complex and multipolar world. For Europe to become internally healthy and externally productive—both politically and economically—it needs to regain balance between its utopian, institutional objectives and democratic support for its future ambitions and policy course. Strong leadership and a powerful vision of prosperity from the West will be vital to return the transatlantic partnership to global economic and political advantage.     

中西之间：杨昌济的伦理世界及其对西方的认知——以《各种伦理主义之略述及概评》为例

杨昌济的伦理学思想的形成深受中国传统文化特别是湖湘文化的影响,也受西方近代资产阶级自由平等伦理思想的影响。由于受中国传统文化濡染较深,杨昌济从立志、修身、齐家、为学等四个方面对中国传统伦理思想进行了阐释。杨昌济以中学为体,在《各种伦理主义之略述及概评》②一文中对西方伦理学思想进行批判。总体而言,他的伦理思想是建立在民族主义基础之上;中西结合;志趣高雅、客观务实;立足现实,具有承上启下的作用。     

Imagining Rurality in the New Europe and Dilemmas for Spatial Policy

In the discourse on European integration from the mid 1960s until the beginning of the 1990s, rural space and rurality have been traditionally associated with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), while little attention has been devoted to the spatial development of the countryside. These approaches and policies were associated with a 'geographical imagination' of rural space and rurality as a place of production, where the emphasis was on sectoral policies. In Europe today the discourse has changed dramatically. The current dominant geographical imagination of rurality is shifted to consumption and leisure, following both specific structural trends internally to rural areas and the more general post-modern trend away from production per se . These trends are discussed in a highly influential European document, the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) introduced in Leipzig in 1994 and formally adopted in 1999. In this document a new language and new policy guidelines are introduced, which openly support the consumption/leisure imagination, introducing at the same time spatial policies, which will deal more effectively with urban and rural spaces. Bearing this in mind, this article will try first to describe the two phases of imagining rurality in Europe (production versus consumption/leisure) and second their impact on southern European (SE) rural regions.     

“中西历史比较研究学术论坛”在京举行

由中国人民大学人文学院历史学系、中国世界中世纪史学会与中国人民大学人文学院清史研究所联合举办、中国人民大学历史学系承办的“中西历史比较研究学术论坛” ,于2 0 0 3年 10月 2 4日— 2 6日在京举行。来自全国各高校、科研院所的约八十名专家学者参加了论坛 ,提交学术论文及学术综述文章五十多篇。刘家和、廖学盛、何芳川、庞卓恒、王敦书、刘明翰、王汝丰、陈梧桐等史学名家以及一批有学术影响的中青年学者作了论坛主题发言。自 2 0世纪 80年代“比较热”在中国学术界兴起以来 ,中西历史比较研究就开始作为一种重要的学术路径而受到…