常熟彩衣堂彩画蓝色颜料研究

常熟彩衣堂建筑彩画是江南地区古建筑彩画中的杰出代表,可一直存在彩画的部分色彩与传统图案用色难以对应的问题。为明确彩衣堂彩画蓝色颜料的使用情况,在前期研究工作成果的基础上,对采集的样品采用光学显微镜、激光显微拉曼光谱仪、X射线荧光分析仪等进行了综合分析。结果表明彩衣堂彩画使用了蓝色有机颜料花青和矿物颜料石青,蓝色纹样处一般只有作为底色的花青残留,从而使得显现的颜色与传统图案用色无法匹配。     

西安钟楼建筑彩画样品材质分析

为了研究西安钟楼建筑彩画的制作材料,本工作采用超景深显微镜、X射线荧光分析仪、X射线衍射仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪对西安钟楼建筑彩画样品进行了分析。结果表明,该彩画样品地仗层采用单披灰制作工艺,两层红色颜料都是土红,绿色颜料使用了近代人工合成颜料——巴黎绿,胶粘剂含有动物胶。该研究成果对西安钟楼彩画后期修复保护材料和工艺的选择具有指导意义。     

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)初探古代墓葬壁画胶结材料中的狗胶原蛋白

古代墓葬壁画颜料中的胶结材料成分研究是国内外考古界研究的热点方向之一。本研究针对我国北方公元5世纪墓葬壁画中红色、黑色和黄色壁画颜料样品,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),对样品中的狗胶原蛋白浓度进行了分析测定。结果发现,红色干燥壁画颜料中含有狗胶原蛋白,含量为7.328mg/L,而黑色、黄色和红色湿润壁画颜料中均未检测到狗胶原蛋白成分。利用ELISA成功检测出我国古代壁画颜料中胶结材料成分。该检测方法可以直接、快速检测古代壁画胶结材料中动物胶原蛋白的种类。     

中国壁画颜料成分组成的探讨

中国壁画颜料的成分很复杂,应用历史也很长,唐代乾陵壁画是中国壁画技术应用的里程碑。本文研究源于三个公元8世纪的壁画,比较了中国古文中有关矿物颜料与植物染料的描述。当我致力于搞清各种颜料名称及成分时,我遇到了很大的困难,大量的颜料名称混杂不易辩别矿物颜料和有机颜料。壁画中大量应用的是本地产的矿物颜料,如：朱砂、赤土、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、雄黄、雌黄、高岭土、白垩土等。除了已知的矿物颜料和名称外,还有一些未确定的成分,如云母,很少在艺术史书籍中提及。壁画研究中最少涉入的领域是植物染料的应用,我认为植物染料是一种真正的壁画颜料,公元五世纪的书籍“起名要素”就是一个佐证。最重要的是,我从几种例子中发现了证据,就是植物成分与其它植物染料或矿物颜料混合应用在壁画中。本文希望能促进人们对不同物质在各种环境中习性的认识和了解,以期对保护实践活动有所帮助。我希望对壁画材料提一点自己的看法。     

西安出土唐墓壁画黄色颜料的分析研究

西安南郊集中发现了4座唐代壁画墓,时间跨度为初唐至晚唐。为了解这些唐墓壁画的黄色颜料类型,通过偏光显微分析、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜能谱及X射线衍射分析确定颜料成分。结果显示:初唐、盛唐、中唐三处壁画黄色颜料为土黄,一处晚唐壁画黄色颜料为钒铅矿。钒铅矿颜料的应用是继西安理工大曲江西汉墓、西安唐代韩休墓壁画中发现的又一使用实例,该颜料至晚唐仍有使用,为研究钒铅矿颜料在西安地区唐墓壁画中的应用历史研究提供重要补充依据。同时结合文献调查,推测所使用的黄色颜料可能均为就地取材。     

光纤反射光谱在彩绘文物颜料鉴别中的应用研究

光纤反射光谱是一种完全无损的颜料鉴别方法,适合用于精美珍贵的彩绘文物颜料工艺研究。光纤反射光谱在国际文物研究领域已成为一种较成熟的方法,而国内由于缺乏反射光谱数据库限制了其应用。因此,本研究探讨了颜料颗粒度和产地对反射光谱的影响,对蓝色系、绿色系、红色系和黄色系颜料的反射光谱特征进行归纳总结,并将其用于故宫博物院建筑彩画和书画文物的颜料分析中,证明光纤反射光谱确实是一种快速有效的颜料分析方法。     

世界博物馆的明珠——埃及国家博物馆

建于1858年的埃及国家博物馆,位于尼罗河畔的解放广场,是由法国的埃及学专家玛丽亚特·巴莎主张兴建的法老艺术作品的宫殿。埃及博物馆是世界著名博物馆之一。这里存放着15万件以上的古代珍奇文物,有埃及法老的巨大石像、法老的镀金车辆;有史前的陶器、石器;有古代艺人精心制作的各种艺术品以及记载古埃及科学、文学、历史、法律等内容的纸莎草纸文献。     

秦陵陪葬坑出土百戏俑彩绘颜料的初步研究

为研究秦陵陪葬坑出土百戏俑身上颜料与兵马俑身上所使用的颜料异同,本研究使用偏光显微镜、带能谱仪的扫描电镜、拉曼光谱仪对秦陵K9901坑出土的一件百戏俑身上的黄、黑、白色三种颜料进行分析。结果表明此三种颜料均为矿物颜料,其中黄色颜料为砷铅矿族系矿物;黑色颜料为含有红色Fe_2O_3颗粒的黑色CuO;白色颜料为羟基磷灰石。秦陵百戏俑这些颜料与兵马俑颜料既有区别,又有联系,为研究秦陵丰富的考古文化提供了重要信息。     

利用XAFS研究古埃及蓝、绿的呈色原因

1814年在意大利壁画中发现的一种含Ca、Cu和Si的蓝色颜料,曾被认为是最早的合成颜料。但同样的颜料在埃及遗址中发现作为装饰物,称为“埃及蓝”,古埃及（公元前2600年）把它作为青金石的仿制品,然而到了公元700年,该制作技术失传了。与“埃及蓝”同时出现的是呈孔雀石青绿色调的“埃及绿”,它和“埃及蓝”有同样的元素组成,它通常用来装饰叶片。研究人员曾通过电镜、X衍射、微区拉曼和紫外可见光分析．     

埃及艺术珍宝展巡礼

走进上海博物馆第一临时展厅,映入眼帘的是两尊埃及法老坐像和金字塔形券门。这一切仿佛把人们带到了遥远的埃及。进入金字塔形券门内,我们来到了埃及展的第一部分：雕刻．浮雕和绘画。首先看到的是红色花岗岩制成的古埃及第１９王朝（约公元前１２７９年一前１２１３年）法老拉美西斯二世的半身像。在古埃及,国王被称为"法老",生前是统治者的象征,也是太阳神拉（Ｒａ）和隼神何露斯（Ｈｏｒｕｓ）的人类化身;死后被尊为奥西里斯,是地下世界的统治者。拉美西斯二世半身像高１．４３米,比真人还要大。他头戴象征下埃及（红冠）和上埃…     

古埃及墓葬彩绘材料研究

分析研究了八件古埃及墓葬出土器物,这些器物包括部分传统殡葬遗存,包括木乃伊裹尸、面具、木棺和礼仪器具等。时代大约为古埃及晚期（公元前800到公元400年）,展现出不同的彩绘工艺和风格。本文将提供有关颜料、充填物、调合剂的分析结果。还将讨论古代工艺、时代、老化以及保护问题。另外,还对多种颜料分析手段进行了评估。     

The Tomb of the Three Brothers in Palmyra: The Use of Mimetite,A Rare Yellow Pigment,in A Rich Decoration

The wall paintings of the Tomb of the Three Brothers in Palmyra display a very rich Greco‐Roman iconography. The study of the painting reveals the use of a great variety of pigments, including Egyptian blue and an extremely rare bright yellow pigment, mimetite, of which no other traces are known for this period. This pigment was identified through the combined use of two methods of analysis, scanning electron microscopy associated with X‐ray microanalysis (SEM–EDS) and X‐ray micro‐diffraction (XRD). The varied chromatic palette used underlines the refinement and the particular care given to these decorations. Notable differences have been found between the pigments of the decorations of the arch and those used for the rest of the chamber.     

托勒密彩绘装饰与罗马彩绘装饰的比较实例：埃及图那-艾尔-葛贝尔的动物图案

2007年春天开罗大学和慕尼黑大学在Tunael—Gebel联合发掘,发现一个原始的罗马坟墓有一石顶,其形式如同金字塔,命名源于希腊某一铭文。这一小石灰石墓葬包含未发生变化的埃及埋葬风格。两个沉重的石灰和镀金木乃伊被安置于两个木棺中,其中一个有一木制锦缎屋顶。该木乃伊有五彩缤纷的玻璃镶嵌,双方的床都展示着华丽的宗教仪式场景色绘画ajoure-work（这些图像被木板分割）。部分埃及和希腊的70个护身符挂在床上,用石灰制成并刷成绿色。两个石灰雕像伊希斯（高38cm）被置于头部附近。雕像是利用周围的木桩加工成型的,然后涂上颜色。它们是一个明显的混合风格的实例。它们被加工成一个典型的希腊姿势,但仍然有一埃及背景。在传统的老埃及,光谱中的每一道颜色有特定象征意义。通过它可以读出背景的循环往复变化。例如,颜色变化从红色（祭品／敌人）-白（天狼星的位置）-黑色（看不见的东西）-绿色（再生）再次到地球上五彩缤纷的形式。这一统一已经在罗马时代瓦解。新的颜色如粉色的出现,白色王冠上画的黄色等等。埃及的象征意义似乎完全消失在罗马新的墓葬彩色装饰上。     

Non-destructive in situ analysis of polychromy on ancient Cypriot sculptures

The study focuses on the characterization of polychromy on limestone sculptures from Cyprus, attributed to the Cypro-Archaic—end of the Hellenistic periods. Polychromy components were identified by integrating digital microscopy, imaging under ultraviolet (UV) light, visible-induced luminescence (VIL), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Data acquisition was performed directly in exhibition rooms at the Cyprus Museum (Nicosia) and the Paphos District Archaeological Museum (Paphos). Among the identified materials, there are iron-containing (red, yellow, green) and copper-containing (green and blue) pigments. The precision of pigment identification by non-destructive techniques is discussed, and specific pigment names are proposed: red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide-hydroxide, green earth and Egyptian blue. Interesting results were obtained by VIL, which allowed identifying traces of Egyptian blue otherwise undetectable with the naked eye. Complementary, this study discusses advantages and problems of combined and separate use of portable XRF and FORS, raising the question of their complementarity and interchangeability for the purposes of pigment identification.     

X‐ray Diffraction and SEM Investigation of Wall Paintings Found in the Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit,Israel

In the present study, the fragments of wall painting found in the Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit were analysed for the first time using the non‐destructive techniques of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The application of these methods enabled unambiguous identifications of the pigments and plaster components of the samples. Quantitative information on mineral composition, crystallite size and elemental composition of each studied paint layer and plaster was collected. Based on the results of the XRD and EDS analyses, the green pigment was identified as celadonite. It was revealed that the Egyptian blue pigment does not contain impurities of tin and lead, and this excludes the use of bronze scrap in its synthesis. Comparison of the mineral composition of the paint layers indicates that a wider palette of colours was obtained by mixing the available mineral pigments. The study of cross‐sections of painted specimens revealed the usage of slaked lime for plastering. The obtained results give a new insight into the wall painting technique employed by ancient artists at Horvat Omrit, in northern Israel.     

Humbler Craft: Rafts of the Egyptian Nile, 17th to 20th Centuries AD

Accounts and images created by foreign travellers on the Egyptian Nile over the past four centuries indicate the widespread use of rafts and floats for both local and long‐distance travel. Many of the materials employed survive poorly in archaeological deposits, or are otherwise easily overlooked as components of river‐craft: moreover, several of these raft‐types were built for a single journey or season, then dismantled. These travellers' accounts and images alert us to much humbler vessels than the well‐preserved wooden boats of the Pharaonic elite which have so far commanded the attention of maritime archaeologists. © 2010 The Author     

Unveiling the Use of Creta in Roman Plasters: Analysis of Clay Wall Paintings From Brixia (Italy)

The paper describes the analysis of a particular kind of plaster from the walls of the Roman Sanctuary (first half of the first century bce ) in the centre of Brixia (now Brescia, Italy), which is an outstanding example of Roman Republican architecture. The walls were plastered and painted with different patterns, imitating marble panels and curtains. Optical microscopy on thin sections, X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were performed on several samples of the plaster in order to reveal the execution technique. The palette consisted of glauconite, celadonite, Egyptian blue, and red and yellow ochres. In some cases, an organic compound, possibly a lipidic compound, was present in the external paint layer, as a surface treatment. The plaster contains two superimposed coats: the render coat with lime binder and sandy aggregate; the finish coat with a clay fraction (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), together with calcite from slaked lime and grains of quartz, silicate and carbonate rocks. Although Vitrivius' De architectura reported the use of creta (clay) as daub smeared on reed vaults, the Sanctuary of Brixia represents the first documented use in Roman buildings in a painted plaster laid on a stone masonry wall.     

陕西韩城普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺研究

普照寺位于陕西省韩城市,寺内现存有五尊精美绝伦的元代彩绘泥塑。为了解普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微红外光谱仪、显微拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪和X光照相等技术手段进行科学分析。结果表明,普照寺彩绘泥塑内部结构为十字型交叉木骨架,粗泥层和细泥层塑土矿物成分基本一致,具有强度高、抗风化能力强和可塑性好的特点;粗泥加筋材料为麦秸秆和麦粒壳,细泥加筋材料为棉和麻;颜料层显色成分除蓝色外均为古代壁画常见的矿物颜料,存在重层重彩情况。研究结果将为普照寺彩绘泥塑的后续保护修复提供科学依据,并为陕西地区元代彩绘泥塑传统工艺的研究补充科学信息。     

Examination of some pigments,grounds and media from Egyptian cartonnage fragments in the Petrie Museum,University College London

A number of cartonnage fragments from the collections of the Petrie Museum, UCL, were examined to identify pigments, media and grounds. The different types of cartonnage made in ancient Egypt are reviewed. Special attention was paid to green pigments, which were shown to be of green earth, or a mixture of Egyptian blue and a yellow, usually goethite or orpiment. Green earth was found in one artefact, dated to the 9th century BC: all other examples were from the Graeco-Roman period. No copper-organometallic greens were present in the examples studied, or Egyptian green, or malachite. Binding media was identified both by ELISA and by GC/MS. A pink colourant was identified as madder, while lead white was used as a white in one example, showing the influence of Roman and Greek pigments on Egyptian art in these later periods. Plant gum, egg, and animal glue were found in different fragments, with mixed media in a few cases. Moganite was found associated with quartz in some preparatory layers by X-ray diffraction, which has not been reported previously as a constituent of ground layers in Egyptian artefacts.