交融与创生：西欧文明的三个来源

人类文明的多样性,不仅呈现在当代,同样呈现在过去的历史长河里,因此探究历史上不同文明的特殊性非常重要。西欧文明始于公元5世纪,初步成型于11—15世纪,源于古代日耳曼传统、古典希腊罗马文明和基督教不同质的文化。日耳曼人的马尔克村社制度是欧洲文明的胚胎;古典文明,尤其罗马法促使中世纪个人权利概念逐渐形成并进入公法领域,成为法治社会的广泛基础;基督教的政治哲学及政治斗争结束了神圣王权时代,有助于建构起上层政治框架。经过几个世纪的发展,在一定社会条件下,三要素熔为一炉。逐渐生成西欧文明的雏形。很明显,西欧文明是次生的、混合的文明,其创生过程也是不同文明的融合和嬗变过程;16世纪后衍生为资本主义文明,后者表现了不凡的创造力,冲击了整个人类社会,同时也显现了与生俱来的局限性。     

Forging the Missionary Ideal: Gender and the Family in the Church Missionary Society Gleaner

The missionary press in Britain served not only to diffuse knowledge, but to create identity. For an emergent evangelical middle‐class, notions of masculinity, femininity, and family were negotiated and refined through the representations of missionaries and their lives in the field. Evangelical identity was configured through the ideologies and practices of gender and domesticity in the mission context. This article explores the representations of gender and the family in the philanthropic press in Britain through the case study of the Church Missionary Society Gleaner. For the missionary public at home, the pages of the missionary press contained the exemplary normativity of gender, culture, and family. In forging those ideals through the work and representation of mission endeavour, notions of gender and family became both implicitly and explicitly linked to Empire. By once again taking the colony and metropole into the same analytical space, we can consider the ways in which colonialism “out there” structured Britishness not only “at home.” but in the heart of the home as well.     

The Hay Barrack: Form and Function of a Relict Landscape Feature

Hay barracks are common, although steadily disappearing, features of northwestern Europe. In North America, only widely scattered survivals of the structure can be identified. This study analyzes the various evolutionary forms of hay barracks in northwestern Europe and relates those forms to environmental conditions and changing levels of technology. The provinces of Zuid Holland and Utrecht appear to have been the place of origin of the hay barrack. From here the structure diffused over the rest of the Netherlands, Flanders and the western parts of the North German Plain.     

The Form and Function of Poverty: Examining National Identity through Public Housing Architecture

Abstract

Lawrence J. Vale tells us that “grand symbolic state buildings need to be understood in terms of the political and cultural contexts that helped to bring them into being,” ¹ 1. Lawrence J. Vale, Architecture, Power, and National Identity (London: Routledge, 1992), 3. and that these buildings can help us understand our national identity. But all buildings are part of a broader political and cultural context. Even unimpressive state-funded buildings express meaning about the politics, power, and priorities of a nation. Because these buildings are not purposefully symbolic, their symbolism has the potential to provide a less contrived—though perhaps less appealing—portrayal of the nation in which they are built. Public housing provides an example of this idea. Public housing in the United States is latent with negative meanings that are reinforced and perpetuated by its architecture, siting, and design. This article examines three historical and iconic public housing communities and analyzes the meanings of these spaces through Goodman's four frames of reference—denotation, exemplification, metaphorical expression, and mediated reference—to determine what these spaces, as architecture, say about the American national identity and our relationship with public housing.     

中国现代史学三流派及形成的社会原因

本设三矛盾——三社会思潮——三史学思潮——三史学派别为观察坐标。主张独自的“社会思潮划分法”,认为中国现代社会思潮演进乃史学思潮波动推动的至要根据,遂分中国现代史学为：批判主义史学、民族主义史学与马克思主义史学。由此反对传统的时代划分法、阶级划分法与时下流行的方法论划分法。     

迈锡尼时代的王权：起源和发展

希腊迈锡尼时代的王权是爱琴研究的一个重要课题,曾长期与"荷马王权"概念相混淆.文章利用线文B泥版文书、考古和荷马史诗等传说资料分析迈锡尼宫殿时期的政治制度,说明迈锡尼人的王权是高度集权的体制,以宫殿为行政管理中心,对国家事务,尤其是经济领域的各项活动实施严格的管理和监控.国王位于社会等级制之首,享有世俗和宗教双重领袖的地位.文章还追溯了迈锡尼时代王权观念和制度的起源和发展,介绍和分析了各种相关假说,并就迈锡尼人君主的宗教职能及其是否具有神性的问题进行了探讨.     

The significance of the Sirmian and apostolic tradition in shaping Moravian episcopal organization

Based on an analysis of papal documents as well as the Vita Methodii , this work examines shifts in Methodius's status. The text analyses the significance of his titulature by a comparison with other eighth- and ninth-century missionaries, and examines the way his new diocese was legitimized through legal and historical fictions dealing with the restoration of a long-lost see and its apostolic origins. Finally, the article draws a comparison between the situation in Moravia and the importance of apostolic tradition in Rome, Constantinople, Metz, Compostela and Venice.     

A Structural Approach to the Form of the Population Density Function

The central objective of this paper is to explore a comprehensive structural modeling approach that extracts analytical density functions answering questions raised by recent empirical studies.     

Missionary hydrography and the invention of early modern Amazonia

Amazonia became an important laboratory of inquiry and evangelization for Franciscans and Jesuits in the early modern Spanish Empire. The missionary endeavours depended upon knowledge friars acquired and produced about the rivers, landscapes, and societies of their new home in the tropical lowlands of South America. Friars were particularly interested in finding and naming the axis of this new territory. ‘Amazonas,’ however, became an untameable fluvial entity that defied unitary conceptualization. Whereas the sixteenth-century concept of the river revolved around the dimensions of its estuary, seventeenth-century missionaries focused on length, volume, and headwaters to define Amazonia. The attempts to define the river produced a dispute between the two religious orders and indeed within each group, as Franciscans and Jesuits sought to make their ‘Amazonas’ normative. The present study explores this debate and asserts that hydrography became a language of authority and contention among early modern missionaries of Amazonia.     

The Dilemmas of the Pious Biographer: Missionary Islam and the Oceanic Hagiography

As Islam was transformed into a missionary religion in the modern sense around the turn of the twentieth century, three questions were faced by almost all writers called on to publicise the deeds of the new breed of mobile Muslim pietists: How can a biographer turn the often tedious chores of the missionary into exciting reading? How can the humdrum tasks of founding mosques and schools be turned into the narrative trappings of a Muslim hero? And how can a modern Muslim be portrayed as a saint without recourse to “superstitious” miracle stories? The essay addresses these questions through an examination of an Urdu biography written to publicise the deeds of an Indian Muslim missionary to South Africa. In view of the revival of interest in biography, through inspecting one such missionary organisation's understanding of the life of its founder, the essay explores the necessary compromises involved in writing a life at any given moment in history.