馆藏文物保存环境研究的发展与现状

我国是世界上存在不多的文明古国大国。我国的文化和历史都有着深厚的积淀。不管是人文方面还是哲学方面古中国都取得了令世界瞩目的成就,随着时间长河的推移,这些成果以各种各样的形式被保存了下来。毫无疑问,这些历史的积淀最多的还是变成了馆藏文物,而博物馆也就成了一个对各方面的保存环境都有很高要求的场所。本研究就文物在博物馆中的保存环境出发,探讨现今我国博物馆的环境现状,为我国馆藏文物的保存环境展开研究。     

内蒙古博物院文物保存环境初步评估

为了建立比较完善的内蒙古博物院文物保存环境监测系统,全面提升文物预防性保护能力,对内蒙古博物院文物保存环境现状进行了评估。评估结果表明:监测点的文物保存环境基本满足文物保存的要求。建议对文物保存环境实施实时监控,实现不同文物对于温湿度的差异化要求,并采取措施降低库房内有害气体污染以及部分展柜中的光照度。     

浅析影响馆藏文物保存的环境因素及预防性保护

文物是一个民族历史发展的见证之一,不仅因其自身所蕴涵的丰富历史、艺术、科学信息外,更因其自身具有不可再生性而备显珍贵。"改善环境,预防为主,科学保护,最小介入",只有在控制好文物保存因素方面作出长期不懈的努力,加强预防性保护及管理,改善文物保存环境,才能使中华民族的优秀物质文化遗产得到科学保护。     

基于“洁净”概念的馆藏文物保存环境研究

博物馆从事文物保护工作的研究人员一般均会思考这些问题:什么是文物保存的"理想"环境?博物馆环境应当监控哪些指标,为什么长期以来,馆藏文物保存环境的研究和管理几乎都是围绕这两个主题而开展工作,这些研究和管理工作的实施,对博物馆环境的改善起到了积极的推动作用.但是,由于各种条件的限制,目前尚未能在所有的博物馆真正实施.近几年,文物保护研究人员关注于馆藏文物保存环境监测和控制技术的研究,目标在于解决文物保存和展示环境中的污染物如何表征、监测、净化和控制等关键技术问题.本文通过比较研究,提出基于"洁净"概念的馆藏文物保存环境的主要研究内容、监测技术和评估体系,以进一步推动馆藏文物保存环境领域相关应用技术研究的深入开展.     

武山县博物馆馆藏文物保存现状调查

武山县博物馆藏品丰富,由于保存环境不佳,致使藏品腐蚀、受损情况严重。本文通过对馆藏青铜器、纸质、石器、陶器、画像砖及木器文物保存现状调查,为下一步制定科学、合理的保护修复方案提供技术支撑与信息资料。其中,着重对博物馆所在地区域及局部环境状况进行了调查,特别是对藏品因自然环境腐蚀导致文物严重受损的典型案例进行了调查;对目前藏品病害存在类型进行了分析,对藏品腐蚀受损原因进行了科学剖析。     

“馆藏文物保存环境应用技术研究”课题通过中期评估

该项目是"十一五"国家科技支撑计划课题,由上海博物馆牵头联合华东理工大学、复旦大学等单位共同承担。项目于2006年底启动,将在2008年底之前,针对博物馆文物库藏、展示等文物保存环境中的主要危害因素开展综合研究,分6个专     

馆藏文物保存环境检测用无动力扩散采样器初步设计

因为无动力扩散采样技术适合于对馆藏文物保存环境中的多种污染气体进行检测,为此,优化设计研制了一种无动力扩散采样器.通过分析采样器的工作原理,根据菲克第一扩散定律推导了污染物浓度换算公式.在比较了现有徽章式和扩散管式两种典型采样器的基础上,以扩散管式采样器为原型,增加了接头部件,以二氧化氮为污染气体代表,试验比较了采样器的不同组合对采样效果的影响.研究结果表明:该采样器能够根据采样环境的实际情况灵活组合,提高了采样器的适用性;二氧化氮采样分析计算结果基本达到设计要求,增加扩散腔厚度能降低采样的分散性;采用双面采样可以成倍增加污染物吸附量,提高检测灵敏度.     

武汉博物馆文物保存环境研究

为全面了解武汉博物馆的文物保存环境现状,科学评价该馆文物库房环境达标试点工程的成效,总结实践经验,服务我国馆藏文物保存环境改善工作,采用相关检测设施和仪器分析手段,针对该馆的改造新文物库房、未改造老库房、文物储藏柜、包装囊盒、陈列展厅、文物展柜内的环境质量,检测了其中的温度、相对湿度、甲醛浓度、板材的木材含水率、可见光照度以及紫外辐照强度等指标,并对环境中的酸性气体和VOC浓度进行了采样分析。检测研究结果表明,武汉博物馆达标改造工程对库房温湿度和光照水平的控制成效明显,基本达到了文物保护要求;增添使用的文物储藏柜、包装囊盒、活性炭吸附材料等具有一定的微环境调控效果。由于装饰材料和橱柜材料等散发污染物的影响、恒温恒湿系统的间歇式运转模式、部分老库房和展厅采用无防护自然采光设计等原因,现文物保存环境中还存在主要污染气体浓度普遍偏高、湿度呈现短周期性波动、局部光照水平偏高等情况。对此,给出了一些建议。     

馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理的实践与思考——以上海博物馆为例

馆藏文物预防性保护工作在我国经过了二十余年的系统性研究和应用实践,已经取得了重大进步。近年来,上海博物馆在预防性保护工作中引入风险管理理念,通过明确环境信息、风险评估、风险应对和监督检查的流程,降低文物风险,保障文物安全。本文以上海博物馆的两个临时展览为例,从环境信息统计分析、湿度阈值设定与调控策略选择、材料环境安全性评估、展柜密封性能要求等方面阐述了馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理工作的应用实践和研究思考。     

利用K线图分析馆藏文物保存环境中温湿度研究

温度和相对湿度是馆藏文物保存环境监测的两项基本指标。为了更好地处理大量的温湿度监测数据,将K线理论引用至温湿度评估体系,通过K线图四要素的剥离和借鉴,定义采样周期内初始值对应开盘价、采样周期内结束值对应收盘价、采样周期内最高值对应最高价、采样周期内最低值对应最低价。结合一次临展的连续监测数据,使用K线图开展了展厅及部分展柜内温湿度评价,通过主动调湿和被动调湿的调控效果比对,为后续临展等短期展览调湿方式的选择提供参考依据。本工作为文物保存环境中温湿度的数据处理建立了环境监测数据分析模型,为文物保存环境质量评估提供了一种直观的探讨方案。     

反映博物馆展柜瞬态环境温度变化的三维CFD建模与分析

温湿度是评价文物保存微环境的重要因素。目前，基于文物预防性保护工作的要求产生了大量文物保存微环境监测数据。如何更好地分析、利用现有的数据，建立有效的数学分析模型，用以评估并优化现有的环境调控措施是预防性保护工作的重要课题。本研究使用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)的方法，建立能够反映展柜所处环境温度瞬态变化的三维CFD仿真模型，通过瞬态温度边界建模方法，将展柜外实测温度数据使用UDF(user defined function)编译，作为模型的瞬态边界条件。模型使用夏季工况的柜内温度实测数据进行标定，并将标定后的模型直接应用于冬季工况。结果表明，经标定后的模型在夏季工况中运行良好，模拟值与实测值间的平均偏差为0.18℃,最大偏差为0.33℃。模型直接应用于冬季工况，表现出很好的预测效果，模拟值与实测值之间的平均偏差为0.029℃,最大偏差为0.081℃,进一步验证了模型的有效性。本研究为预防性保护的监测数据利用及定量化研究提供了一种新的思路，同时证明了CFD技术在文物保护领域的广阔应用前景。     

The role of caste in India: Present and future

Pauline Kolenda. Caste in Contemporary India: Beyond Organic Solidarity. Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, 1978. 181 pp.     

Quantitative basin modeling: present state and future developments towards predictability

A critique review of the state of quantitative basin modeling is presented. Over the last 15 years, a number of models are proposed to advance our understanding of basin evolution. However, as of present, most basin models are two dimensional (2‐D) and subject to significant simplifications such as depth‐ or effective stress‐dependent porosity, no stress calculations, isotropic fracture permeability, etc. In this paper, promising areas for future development are identified. The use of extensive data sets to calibrate basin models requires a comprehensive reaction, transport, mechanical (RTM) model in order to generate the synthetic response. An automated approach to integrate comprehensive basin modeling and seismic, well‐log and other type of data is suggested. The approach takes advantage of comprehensive RTM basin modeling to complete an algorithm based on information theory that places basin modeling on a rigorous foundation. Incompleteness in a model can self‐consistently be compensated for by an increase in the amount of observed data used. The method can be used to calibrate the transport, mechanical, or other laws underlying the model. As the procedure is fully automated, the predictions can be continuously updated as new observed data become available. Finally, the procedure makes it possible to augment the model itself as new processes are added in a way that is dictated by the available data. In summary, the automated data/model integration places basin simulation in a novel context of informatics that allows for data to be used to minimize and assess risk in the prediction of reservoir location and characteristics.     

Middle atmospheric electrodynamics: status and future

Middle atmospheric electrodynamics is a field stimulated by the recent discovery that large electric fields may occasionally exist in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. The measurements suggest V m⁻¹ magnitudes for these fields, which have been reported to occur in both horizontal and vertical configurations. Since they are usually confined within bounded height regions, they might be of local origin. Although the measurements are still considered controversial, the implications of such fields, if real, could be important. Should these fields persist in both space and time, they could perturb the global electric circuit with a component subject to modulation by phenomena related to solar activity. This might help explain the numerous correlations which exist for tropospheric electrical response to solar and geomagnetic activity. Further work is now required to validate the earlier findings and determine the morphology and extent of the large electric fields. Experiments must also be derived and conducted to determine the physical origin of such fields and their relationships to external influences, such as magnetospheric electric fields and tropospheric thunderstorms. The current status of results regarding V m⁻¹ fields in the middle atmosphere is reviewed in perspective with the more widely accepted electric field structure established for this region from balloon and rocket data. Other factors such as ion conductivity, ion mobility and aerosols are also considered for their potential influence on the middle atmospheric electrical environment.     

Ancient Greece: Recent developments in Aegean archaeology and regional studies

This review begins by defining the diverse field of Greek archaeology. Based on our own expertise, we focus on recent advances in the study of ancient Greece, especially the prehistoric Aegean, and on regional approaches, primarily those associated with archaeological surface survey. General developments in method and theory are addressed as they relate to several major topics: social complexity, Aegean chronology, writing systems, exchange, and regional studies.     

Current status of environmental physiology research in anthropology

Albert Damon, ed. Physiological Anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. xiii + 367 pp. Figures, tables, illustrations, and references. $15.00 (cloth), $6.95 (paper).     

The red line over European colonialism: comparison of the Macao museum and Hong Kong museum of history after their return to China

Hong Kong and Macao were once European colonies. A unique, hybrid culture of East and West now flourishes in these two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China. Both cities opened new history museums in 1998, but they adopted remarkably different approaches in their representation of their complicated and politically sensitive history. The Hong Kong Museum of History (HKMH) represents history by closely following the orientation of traditional Chinese nationalism. The postcolonial characteristics adopted by the Macao Museum to reproduce history, in contrast, are likely amongst the richest of all history museums in China. What are the reasons behind the different historical representations by Hong Kong and Macao, which were both promised a ‘One country, Two systems’ policy by the Chinese central authority? This paper argues that both museums reveal two faces of a rising China; the one in Hong Kong emphasises national dignity, and the people’s identification with and loyalty to the nation when it is engaged in state building. The one in Macao emphasises the multiple roles in finding a balanced position to coexist with superpowers, forging friendships with developing countries and building an idealised image of a (re-)rising nation through historical construction. The difference between these two museums indicates the exceptional flexibility of China’s postcommunist regime in engaging in soft power diplomacy.     

四川区域中心馆藏文物保存环境监测平台常见故障分析与改进措施

四川省馆藏文物保存环境监测区域中心(简称四川区域中心)平台,经过两年多的运行实践,实现了12家博物馆监测站的集成联网。本研究分析了区域中心监测平台运行中常见故障现象的表现形式、故障原因及故障率。结果表明:监测平台的主要故障现象为传输异常和数据异常;除温湿度外的其他监测终端故障率较高;软件平台建设也不够完善,导致数据利用率低,尚不能实现风险评估、预测预警和预防调控等管理功能。针对分析发现的问题,提出一些相应的技术措施和管理措施,为有效降低故障的发生率,提升国内区域中心平台建设提供一定的指导和参考。