走,走

走,走,走,走跳,跳,跳,跳,跳跑,跑,跑跑,跑,跑现在,让我们停止,上下。走,走,走,走跳,跳,跳,跳,跳跑,跑,跑跑,跑,跑现在,让我们停止,Walking,walking,walking,walking Hop,hop,hop,hop,hop Running,running,runningRunning,junning,running Now,let's stop,Up and down.Walking,w     

木里藏族民俗文化

木里藏族自治县是四川省凉山彝族自治州所属的一个边远山区,位于四川省西南边缘。全县有藏,彝,汉,苗,蒙古,纳西,壮,布依,傈傈,回,羌,土家,满,锡伯,傣等15个民族,总人口11.5万,其中藏族人口34616,占总人口数30.04％。     

欧洲INVENVORG项目介绍——将统计方法应用在博物馆有机材料老化过程影响因素研究中

正近几十年来,对于有机质文化遗产和自然遗产降解机理的研究,已取得了很大进展,在此方面,欧洲的博物馆、高校、研究所及环保机构等已建立了不少合作项目(如IDAP,AER,IMPACT,LIDO,MIMIC,MASTER,MIP,ERA,SENSORGAN,PAPYLUM,SURVENIR,INKCOR,PAPERTREAT,PARELA,CARAMEL,     

北大荒歌

<正>北大荒,天苍苍,地茫茫,一片衰草和苇塘。苇草青,苇草黄,生者死,死者烂,肥土壤,为下代,作食粮。何物空中飞,蚊虫苍蝇,蠛蠓牛虻;何物水中爬,小脚蛇,哈什蚂,肉蚂蝗。山中霸主熊和虎,原上英雄豺与狼。烂草污泥真乐土,毒虫猛兽美家乡。谁来酣睡以榻旁,须见一日之短长。大烟炮,谁敢当!天低昂,雪飞扬,风颠狂。无昼夜,迷八方。雉不能飞,狍不能走,熊不出洞,野无虎狼。酣战玉龙披甲苦,图南鹏鸟振翼忙。天地末日情何异,冰河时代味再尝,一年四季冬最长。遨游牧民携篷帐,逐水草,牧牛羊,不来北大荒,农业居民治田庄,拓土地,种食粮,不择北大荒;部落酋长逞豪强,驰战马,动刀枪,不在北大荒。何以故,史无文,记其详。千年万年人不到,但有雁字书成行,年年来,自南方。不能牧牛羊,不能治田庄,不能比刀枪,古往今来留死角,白山黑水观脓疮。偶为暴客捕逃薮,间作逸民生死场,不有天神下界,匠星临凡,天精地力,鬼斧神工,何能稍改其面庞。共产党,日东方。经万战,获全胜,人民把家当,向龙王要水,向地藏要矿,向土地要粮。工农业,同时举,吐光芒。旧中国,原地上,建立社会主义新家邦,开辟北大荒;优秀儿女齐响应,懦夫懒汉尽惊慌。苇草蛇虫须迁让,寒风积雪莫再狂。千年往史无此日,万里长征再荣光。北大荒,红旗扬,好风光,生产大军上战场。赤手空拳,空奉张,裸头顶,露脊梁。真兄弟,好儿郎。草盖屋,苇作墙,苇折薪,草照亮,草铺褥,苇垫床。今日草为人用人作主,昨日地被草占草为王。修水库,建水网,平水塘,除虫     

HISTORICAL VALUE OF DOCUMENTS FOUND IN DUNHUANG

OfthevoluminoushistoricaldocumentstbundintheMogaoGrottoesinDunhuangearlyinthiscentury,about5,000volumesareinTibetan.Theycoverreligion,history,law,literature,medicine,scienceandtechnology.InherarticlecarriedinTibelSIudies(issueNo.2of2000),ZhangYuefengexplainedthevalueofthesedocumentsfFirst,theyareofhighdocumentationvalue.Theyspanalongperiod,andcomeofmanyvarietiesincludingBuddhistscrip-tures,prayers,legalsuits,indenturesbywhichthosesoldthemselves,historicalrecords,divinationspellsandevenpri…     

LIFE VALUE OF TIBETANS IN OLD TIBET

Article9ontheLifeValuesays:"Manisclassifiedintoupper,middleandlowerclasses,andeachclassisclassifiedintoupper,middleandlowerranks."Upper-classpeopleincludedtheTibetanking,LivingBuddhas,monkandlayofficialsandthenobility;Middle-classpeopleincludedgovernmentclerks,monksandmerchants;andLower-classpeopleincludedpeasants,blacksmiths,butchers,fishermen,hunters,celestialburialmasters,shallandpotterymakers.AccordingtotheCode,whenthekingwaskilled,hisbodywasvaluedingold;butthelifevalueofvagrants,blacks…     

Qamdo in History

istorically,QamdowasknownasKhamorKarmo,implyingeasternnbet,anditsmaIeresidentsasKhamba,meaningstrongmen.QamdoisdissectedbytheNujiang,LangcangjiangandJinshajiangrivers,andovershadowedbythreesoaringmountains,BosuIaling,T8niantawen,andDarmala-Mangkang.FAMoUSKARUBRUlNS.In1977,KarubViIlage,locatedsoutheastoftheQamdoCountyseat,atanelevationof3,1oometersontheLancangjiangRiver,becameanarchaeoIogicalsite.Excavationbeganin1978,andanareaof23osquaremeterswereunearthed.Thefollowingyeat,some1,…     

JOURNALS ON TIBETAN STUDIES Published in the Post-1951 Period

BeforethepeacefulliberationofTibetin1951,therewereonlyabout80kindsofjournalsonTibetanstudies.After1952,theCentralGovernmentgavespecialsupporttothepreservationandpromotionofethniclanguages.Newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesmushroomedinXinjiang,InnerMongolia,Yunnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Tibet,Qinghai,Gansu,Yanbianandotherplaceswhereethnicgroupsliveincompactcommunities.Inthissituation,journalsonTibetanstudiesdevelopedintwostages:Firststage:1950-1980.Duringthisperiod,allthenewspapersandjounn…     

Journals on Tibetan Studies Published in the Post-1951 Period

BeforethePeacefulliberationofTibetin1951,therewereonlyabout8okindsofjournalsonTibetanstudies.After1952,theCentralGovernmentgavespecialsupporttothepreservationandpromotionofethniclanguages.NewspaPers,magazinesandpubIishinghous-esmushroomedinXinjianq,lnnerMongolia,Yunnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Tibet,Qinghai,Gansu,YanbianandotherPlaceswhereethnicgroupswherelivingincompactcommunities.inthissituation,journalsonTibetanstudiesdevelopedintwostages:Firststage:195O-198o.DuringthisPeriod,allthenewspaper…     

登山·读山·造山

一人生最大的乐趣莫过于登山。登山可健身骨 ,强体力 ;亦可励雄志 ,磨性情 ,更可怡心灵 ,养浩气。故 ,我生在嵩山 ,长在嵩山 ,又立足于嵩山 ,是天赐的宝地与鸿福。登山有易难之分 ,有快慢之别 ,有高低远近之差。有路可走 ,有阶可登 ,有道可寻者 ,低也、近也、快也。遇上则上 ,遇下则下 ,遇峰则转 ,遇障则回登者众也 ,可谓之易也。无路可走 ,无藤可攀 ,无道可寻者 ,高也、远也、慢也。欲上不得 ,欲下不能 ,欲障不越 ,登者寡也 ,可谓之难也。有所闻无所观 ,有所观无所行 ,有所行无所达者 ,险也、奇也、更慢也。必披荆斩棘 ,勇猛精进 ,锲而不舍 ,方能登峰造极 ,登者极少也 ,可谓之更难也。春日登山 ,可观山花之艳妆 ,可浴温暖之和风 ,可得万木之香气 ,使人精神振奋 ,意气奋发。夏日登山 ,可观云烟之变幻 ,可浴暴雨之洗礼 ,可得飞瀑之清气 ,使人高蹈风尘 ,放情凌霄。秋日登山 ,可观高义之薄云 ,可浴冰清之寒霜 ,可得鸿鹄之志气 ,使人荣耀秋菊 ,翘首八荒。冬日登山 ,可观峰峦之素裹 ,可浴飞舞之白雪 ,可得松柏之骨气 ,使人自强不息 ,刚健中正。朝日登山 ,午踏峰端 ,日落而归 ,则是一鼓作气...     

The manor houses of the 1st Lord Baltimore in an English Atlantic World

SUMMARY: While much is known about the colonial activities of Sir George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in Newfoundland and Maryland during the 1620s and early 1630s, less is known about his efforts to develop a settlement in one of the plantation schemes that was implemented in Ireland. At the time, he contemporaneously managed his various estates in England, Ireland and Newfoundland, which included the patronage of elite residences in Kiplin Hall in North Yorkshire; Clohamon, Co. Wexford, in Ireland; and Ferryland on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland. This article will trace the development of these manor houses in their differing geographical and cultural contexts. Differences in the form and layout of these buildings reflected the challenges and opportunities posed in developing settlements in the various regions, and offers insights into the commonalities and divergences experienced in the English colonization of the Atlantic world in the early 17th century.     

近十年来中国人口迁移研究及其评价

本文对20世纪90年代以来的中国人口迁移研究进行了总结与评价。文章首先概述了近10年来中国人口迁移研究的主要特点;然后对中国人口迁移研究的主要内容即迁移人口的社会经济特征,人口迁移的空间格局,影响因素,作用,人口迁移政策建议以及人口迁移研究中的理论与方法等方面进行了总结;最后指出了人口迁移研究中存在的问题与未来应该加强研究的领域。     

妈祖信仰在河北省及京津地区的传播

河北及京津地区的妈祖信仰 ,随着漕粮北运自东南沿海传播而来。代表妈祖信仰存在的第一座天妃宫在元泰定三年出现以后 ,至清代 ,天妃或天后宫庙的数量已达 35处之多。这些宫庙绝大部分为元、明两代所建。根据这些宫庙的形成时间及分布情况推测 ,元代的妈祖信仰是沿海河、北运河及天津以北渤海沿岸地区传播的。到明代 ,沿海继续向北推进到山海关 ,沿滦河向内地推进到长城南侧 ,并由天津向南沿南运河两侧扩展。妈祖信仰在河北及京津地区分布的时空特征 ,是由于当时全国经济中心和政治中心的分离 ,需要东南大批漕粮北运而形成的。元、明海、河运输路线的差异 ,以及两朝国都所在地区军事形势和军事力量布置上的差异 ,使明代妈祖信仰分布的范围与元代有所不同 ,并比元代有所扩大     

基于文化地理学视角的秦腔文化起源与扩散

秦腔起源于古代陕甘一带民间歌舞,流行于陕、甘、青、宁、新等地。本文从文化地理学的角度,采用文化扩散和整合的思维着重分析了秦腔文化形成的自然地理与社会原因,系统探讨了不同时期和地区秦腔文化的扩散类型、传播路径与整合特征。结果认为,秦腔文化扩散的主要方式是人口迁移与艺人游走,特点是多级化。秦腔文化景观反映当地发展史,是多种地域文化要素相互作用的产物,传播时的屏障作用具有正负双重影响。未来秦腔文化的发展要根植于群众并植入现代元素,以实现秦腔文化新的繁荣。     

东晋十六国南北朝之人口迁徙及其影响述论

During the period of the Eastern Jin, the Sixteen States, the Southern dynasties, and the Northern dynasties, population movement caused the conflicts both between the Han and minorities in the north and immigrants and natives in the south. The traditional method of estimating the immigrants was based on the households of migration prefectures, subprefectures and counties recorded in local gazetteers, which is actually different between the actual distribution of immigrants and those registered in local gazetteers. Thus, the migration population and their descendents need to be recalculated. In fact, migrations in the Sixteen States were largely for military and agriculture purposes, while in the Northern dynasties, particularly the Northern Wei, population movements were mostly to fill the capitals, the boundary and inland areas, both were enforced by the governments. Population migration often determined government policies, enriched cultural contents, promoted economic developments, and changed the intellectual trends and social structure in certain dynasties, especially in the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.     

明清时期闽西客家地区的经济变迁与科举事业

明清时期闽西客家地区在经济作物的种植、手工业和商业方面均获得一定程度的发展,对当地科举事业的发展产生深远的影响。一方面,随着闽西客家地区经济生活的变迁,人们的思想观念逐渐发生变化,许多人因“家贫”、“业儒不就”等原因纷纷放弃儒业、举业而从事工商业,明中后期该地区的科举及第情况比明初明显衰退与此不无关系。另一方面,由于根深蒂固的“学而优则仕”的传统观念的影响,闽西客家人从事各项生业积累了相当的物质财富后,便纷纷投向族人和乡人的教育,扶持和资助家乡士子参加科举考试,从而促进清代闽西科举的发展。但由于闽西南北部经济发展的不平衡,其扶持和资助家乡士子科举的力度也就存在差异,这在一定程度上导致了闽西南北部科举发展的不平衡。     

Sigisvult the Patrician, Maximinus the Arian, and political strategems in the Western Roman Empire c. 425–40

This study investigates the roles played by the barbarian general Sigisvult and the Arian bishop Maximinus in western imperial politics during the reign of Valentinian III. In c. 426/7 Sigisvult was sent to North Africa to subdue the rebel Count Boniface. He was accompanied by Maximinus, who, in the course of the campaign, engaged in a celebrated debate with Augustine. Maximinus helped achieve a non-violent settlement that returned Boniface and his German troops to the imperial fold. Sigisvult then returned to Italy and was appointed Patrician and Master of Soldiers after the assassination of Felix in 430. In 435, however, this position was transferred to Fl. Aëtius, who spent most of his time campaigning in Gaul. In 440, the Vandals attacked Sicily, and Sigisvult was placed in charge of the defence of the Italian coast. At the same time, an Arian bishop Maximinus, apparently the one who had debated with Augustine, was in contact with the Vandals. He may have planted disinformation that Sebastianus, the son of the now-deceased Boniface, was about to invade Africa. This resulted in a Vandal withdrawal, and both Italy and Sicily were saved. Sigisvult last appears in the mid-440s, and his subsequent demise, perhaps in the early 450s, may have resulted in the breakdown of a precarious balance of power and the murders of Aëtius and Valentinian in 454 and 455, which hastened the demise of the Western Roman Empire. In an appendix it is suggested that although Boniface called in Vandal auxiliaries in 427, he was not responsible for the Vandal crossing in 429.     

汉番禺城故址新考

关于两汉时期岭南地区经济都会番禺城故址所在历来多有争议,本文通过细致的考证分析,否定了今广州旧城区说这一学术界的主流观点以及番禺沙湾说、顺德简岸说等异说,并通过历史文献资料、历史地名遗存、地貌状况、汉墓葬点分布、历史水道交通条件、历史城市生态环境等多重证据,认为秦及南越国时期的番禺城在今广州旧城区,但汉武帝元鼎六年(前111年)则将南海郡治与番禺县治并置于旧番禺城之南,并考订两汉新番禺城的具体方位当在今广州市番禺区市桥北一带,论文相应还探讨了东汉末年番禺县城迁回旧址的时间、原因和意义。     

Jumping Fish: Engendering Contestation and Development on the Waterways of the Aramia River in Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT Set in the Aramia River basin, this article explores the intimate and interactive relationship between communities in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, and the water that dominates the environment in which they live. Located amongst tidal rivers, creeks and lagoons, Gogodala villages sit high on ‘islands’ of land. In this environment, water is the site of seasonal change and the space of movement. The Aramia River is synonymous with an ancestral figure called Sawiya who travelled in her canoe, naming, creating and populating the water and land of the area. As the ‘mother of all fish’, Sawiya controls the movement and abundance of fish and other aquatic resources. Water is embodied in Sawiya, whose capacities to both nourish and punish are the basis of seasonal variations in fish, and in the colour and clarity of water in the local lagoons and rivers. Set against the backdrop of the Ok Tedi Mine and recent logging operations on the Aramia, the article explores some of the ways in which water and its resources are defined and experienced in this rural community and the impact this may have on the exploitation and development of natural resources in PNG.     

Extreme weather events in northeastern New Brunswick (Canada) for the period 1950–2012: Comparison of newspaper archive and weather station data

In the context of global warming, changes in extreme weather and climate events are expected, particularly those associated with changes in temperature and precipitation regimes and those that will affect coastal areas. The main objectives of this study were to establish the number of extreme events that have occurred in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada in recent history, and to determine whether their occurrence has increased. By using archived regional newspapers and data from three meteorological stations in a national network, the frequency of extreme events in the study area was established for the time period 1950–2012. Of the 282 extreme weather events recorded in the newspaper archives, 70% were also identified in the meteorological time series analysis. The discrepancy might be explained by the synergistic effect of co‐occurring non‐extreme events, and increased vulnerability over time, resulting from more people and infrastructure being located in coastal hazard zones. The Mann Kendall and Pettitt statistical tests were used to identify trends and the presence of break points in the weather data time series. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in average temperatures and in the number of extreme events, such as extreme hot days, as well as an increase in total annual and extreme precipitation. A significant decrease in the number of frost‐free days and extreme cold days was also found, in addition to a decline in the number of dry days.