晚清皖江城市火灾及其应对机制研究——以对外开埠通商后的“皖江巨镇”芜湖为例

晚清时期的芜湖在正式对外开埠通商后的35年中,在人口、房屋和城区面积迅速增加的同时,也面临着前所未有的火患,这给民众的生命财产造成了巨大损失,成为芜湖经济社会发展的重大障碍。导致芜湖火灾的缘由既有自然因素亦有社会因素,并以后者为主。面对火患,芜湖官方和民间皆能以积极的姿态,与之展开了多种形式的抗衡,取得了一定的成效,但同时亦存在不少问题。晚清芜湖火灾及其应对的经验教训,对于今后我国城市消防工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

从女学到女界:晚清广州女性群体的发展脉络

女学的建立和女学事业圈的形成,赋予了女性新的社会身份,造就了新女性群体。晚清广州女性群体的产生有着具体的历史动因和发展脉络,女性群体的组织化过程体现了其社会网络的建构和地方社会的影响。变革图存的社会现实、女性主体意识和群体意识的觉醒、社会新兴阶层的崛起等因素都影响了由女学到女界的进程。     

浅析公共娱乐场所火灾隐患的防治

公共娱乐场所是大众业余消费的重要场所,而其火灾危险性也随着消费人员的增加而增加,发生火灾易造成重大人员伤亡,加强火灾隐患防治迫在眉睫。本文分析了公共娱乐场所火灾频发的原因,探讨了目前公共娱乐场所存在的突出问题,并提出了防治对策     

浅析公共娱乐场所火灾隐患的防治

公共娱乐场所是大众业余消费的重要场所,而其火灾危险性也随着消费人员的增加而增加,发生火灾易造成重大人员伤亡,加强火灾隐患防治迫在眉睫。本文分析了公共娱乐场所火灾频发的原因,探讨了目前公共娱乐场所存在的突出问题,并提出了防治对策     

两汉火灾及其防救

两汉时期共有77次火灾记录。火灾年际分布规律性不明显。火灾一年四季都有发生。司隶部是火灾的高发区。洛阳及其周边地区的火灾次数最多,也最为严重。城市火灾明显多于农村。内陆城市火灾较多。两汉时期火灾的应对措施有灾前预防、现场灭火、灾后补救等。     

试论晚清时期袁世凯幕府的特色

与晚清时期其他幕府相比,袁世凯幕府具有如下几个重要特色:人员来源广泛,极强的实践创新能力,娴熟的社会交际能力,对幕主的绝对效忠.之所以形成这些特色,是由于清末变革的时代给幕府人员提供了施展才能的机会,同时也由于袁世凯的政治需要和幕府人员的积极主动意识.     

晚清政治与新史学

晚清政治的变革对新史学的产生和发展起到了积极作用。挽救民族危亡的意识和政治启蒙的需要唤起了史学革命,以民主为指向的政治文化为新史学的发展确定了方向。政治改革不仅为新史学的发展创造了良好条件,也提供了难得的契机。     

一起货车火灾原因的调查分析

以一起货车汽车火灾的调查为线索,根据汽车火灾现场调查基本程序、方法,通过现场勘验、技术分析,认定火灾原因,为类似火灾原因提供借鉴。     

“火烧船厂”与近代吉林城市消防变迁——以宣统三年吉林省城大火为中心

宣统三年(1911)四月,吉林省城吉林市发生了一起特大火灾。引起这场火灾的原因主要有三个,一是城市建筑风格不利防火,二是消防力量相对不足,三是官府扑救不力。火灾结束以后,吉林市进行了以消防为中心的城市重建。在政府统一规划下,拓宽街道,制订临街房屋样式,限制各种易于引火的木制品的使用,还制定了其他一系列加强消防的办法。社会各界也开始创办各类民间救火组织。     

承德市营子矿区老旧城区火灾风险评估研究

文章通过以河北省承德市鹰手营子矿区为例,找出老旧城区的主要火灾风险因素,对老旧小区消防火灾风险进行合理评估,建立老旧城区火灾风险评估技术,提出消防安全措施和建议,减少老城区火灾危害的主要对策,从而改变老城区建筑中消防设施及基本设置的空白;以便于消除火灾消防隐患.     

Forest as hazard,forest as victim: Community perspectives and disaster mitigation in the aftermath of Kelowna's 2003 wildfires

Situated within the political ecology of hazard, this article is an extended case study of the devastating 2003 wildfires in and around Kelowna, British Columbia (also known as the Okanagan Mountain Park Fire). This article reveals how compliance (or lack thereof) with fire mitigation strategies recommended by provincial, regional, and municipal agencies is complicated by differing social constructions of what constitutes ecologically sustainable forest management and community safety. Three perspectives emerge regarding the urban forests: “nature as hazard”—a volatile force to be controlled; “nature as instrumentally valuable”—a contribution to the character of one's surroundings and subsequent sense of place; and “nature as intrinsically valuable”—a distinct entity to be preserved and protected for its own sake. The article also examines how experiences of disaster influence community perceptions and result in a greater willingness to engage in fire mitigation strategies due to perceptions of heightened vulnerability. Forestry and fire mitigation agencies need to determine multiple courses of action among the varied and valid range of residents’ nature perspectives. The role of human agency in disaster mitigation must be examined, particularly as the risk of fire at the wildland‐urban interface continues to be exacerbated by encroaching human settlements and climate change.     

LOS ANGELES AFTER THE STORM: THE DIALECTIC OF ORDINARY DISASTER

This article weighs recent scientific evidence that the urbanization of Southern California has taken place during one of the most unusual episodes of climatic and seismic benignity in the last 3500 years. Official disaster and resource planning, moreover, has been based on record-keeping shorter than the temporal wavelengths of the most important landscape processes. Indeed, the “biblical” flood, fire, and earthquake disasters of the last three years may only be a prelude to seismic and climatic events of far greater magnitude. What will be the future of the Los Angeles area if Congress refuses to continue federal disaster subsidies?     

Remote Sensibilities: Discourses of Technology and the Making of Indonesia’s Natural Disaster

During the extended El Nin?o drought of 1997–8, fires devastated Indonesia’s forests, creating a vast shroud of smoke that reached as far as mainland Southeast Asia. This article examines the interpretation of these fires — their causes, damages and solutions — by the Indonesian government, international donors, environmental activists and local farmers. It explores the contexts and consequences of these discourses of disaster, and specifically investigates the central role of remote technology — a ‘hegemonic’ representational tool, in some circumstances creatively appropriated to serve new democratic agendas. A narrow focus on remotely sensed data is not strictly a methodological but also a political choice, one which obscures alternative experiences of disaster and produces solutions that do not address long term social and political processes leading to the fires. What is missing from most current analyses of the fires, and from remote assessments in general, is a textured understanding of social landscapes and the role they play in creating fire hazards.     

1931年淮河流域水灾及其影响研究——以皖北地区为对象

1931年水灾是淮河流域百年罕见的洪涝灾害.此次水灾之兴,与连续的大强度、大范围的降水和残破的水利设施有关.水灾发生时,水利工程被毁,大片的土地被淹,房屋倒塌,人口死亡甚巨;水灾发生后,由于皖北地区自宋元以来形成的脆弱的社会生态环境的影响,以及国民政府的救济不力,灾区出现了土地荒芜、粮食短缺、物价飞涨、灾民无以聊生而四处流徙、疾疠和匪患猖獗等严重社会后果,极大地掣肘了皖北地区的社会经济发展.     

Analysis of Explorers' Records of Aboriginal Landscape Burning in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia

The accounts of explorers and colonists in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were searched to find records of landscape burning by Aborigines. Analyses of these records provide estimates of the spatial and temporal patterns of fire across the region in historic times. The seasonality of fire varied across the region. In northern parts of the Kimberley landscape fire was recorded from May to October with peak levels in June and September. In southern parts of the region there are records of burning as early as February and March, through to August but no records of fire were made in late dry season months. Modern fire regimes were compared with historic by superimposing the routes taken by five explorers over a modern fire history map derived from satellite imagery. Tallies of the number of modern fires that intersect the explorer's daily and monthly route were compared with actual observations of fire made by the explorers in historic times. The results indicate an increase in early dry season fires and the overall frequency of fires across the region in modern times. Explorers' accounts were also examined to derive further information regarding Aboriginal landscape burning in different environments and to distinguish landscape burning from other uses of fire such as smoke signals and cooking fires.     

论罗马帝国消防军

罗马帝国消防军是奥古斯都统治时期建立的专门负责首都消防与夜间治安的准军事性组织。它的建立是奥古斯都对传统消防模式的革新,更是其行使元首权力、维护社会秩序稳定、巩固元首制的要略之一。消防军通过完善的预、接警机制,及时发现与扑救火灾,执行旨在抑制火灾发生的消防巡检,不仅提高了居民消防安全意识,更使火灾次数明显减少。消防军还结合夜间消防巡逻,维护首都夜间治安,在其巡逻下,罗马夜间秩序稳定。消防军是古罗马一创举,说明罗马帝国政府意识到保证消防安全与维护社会秩序稳定在促进社会与国家和谐发展上的重要作用。     

Multi-actor Initiatives after Rana Plaza: Factory Managers’ Views

The Rana Plaza factory disaster in April 2013, which resulted in the death of a large number of factory workers and injured many more in Bangladesh's ready-made garment industry, highlighted the sustained failure of the government of Bangladesh to address safety in the workplace. In the wake of the tragedy two significant transnational governance initiatives emerged — the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh (hereafter the Accord) and the Alliance for Bangladesh Workers’ Safety (hereafter the Alliance). For the first time, different key stakeholders worked together to address fire, electrical and structural safety of factory buildings. This study analyses the perceptions of factory managers in Bangladesh regarding the Accord and Alliance agreements. The article argues that although there have been significant breakthroughs in terms of developing a culture of safety adhered to by the government and entrepreneurs, the suppliers have encountered difficulties in implementing these initiatives. The limited support from buyers has posed a major challenge for the sustainability of these two multi-stakeholder agreements.     

Reaction to Fire of Existing Timber Elements Protected With Fire Retardant Treatments: Experimental Assessment

Fire safety is an important issue of building safety, especially when the building’s fire load contents enhance the risks of fire deflagration. When existing timber structures are involved, the most usual way to improve its reaction to fire is to treat wood with fire retardants. This study focuses on the surface protection of existing timber roof structures against fire, through the use of fire retardant (FR) treatments applied on site. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of FR treatments on timber reaction to fire, with a special emphasis on timber members with biological deterioration and previously treated with preservative products. The behaviour and effectiveness of intumescent and non-intumescent treatments was also investigated. The study showed that the application of FR treatments improved the reaction to fire of timber, even in the presence of previous preservative treatments. However, the choice of the specific FR treatment should take into account the substrate conditions. In addition, test results suggest that protection systems involving multi layers (intumescent and non-intumescent) with different functioning modes each are likely to have a good global performance on the protection of timber elements against fire.     

Imizamo Yethu: a Case Study of Community Resilience to Fire Hazard in an Informal Settlement Cape Town,South Africa

Imizamo Yethu, in Cape Town, is one of the many informal settlements in South Africa's post-Apartheid urban landscape. Residents live in abject poverty and are potentially vulnerable to a range of environmental hazards, of which fire hazard is one of the most common. A major fire, on the 8 February 2004, caused significant damage to housing and infrastructure, resulting in widespread homelessness and loss of personal possessions. Despite this, there was minimal loss of life and few major injuries. The community re-grouped after the fire and Imizamo Yethu has remained viable as a community to the present day. Contemporary geographical research on hazards emphasises aspects of community vulnerability and resilience. The present paper identifies and examines factors that enhance community resilience in the informal settlement of Imizamo Yethu, particularly in response and recovery to fire events. A survey completed in the aftermath of the 2004 fire found that social networks, some formal community institutions that foster community participation and the resourcefulness of individuals were the most important factors underpinning resilience.