THE GROWTH OF LITERACY IN FRANCE DURING THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

ABSTRACT

The Ottoman Empire faced catastrophic events during its period of dissolution which started with the First World War. At the end of this war, the Ottoman lands were shared by the Allied forces. As a reaction to this occupation, the Turkish War of Independence started in 1919 and finished in 1923. The authors aim to examine how these events were reflected in the ?stanbul bourse, using Ottoman government bond prices data between 1918 and 1925. Econometric methodology of Carla Inclan and George Tiao (1994 Inclan, C., and G. Tiao. 1994. Use of the cumulative sums of squares for retrospective detection of changes of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89:913–23.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) identifies several break points, which imply a lower risk for the repayment of the bonds during the end of the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence.     

CHARTERS,NORTHUMBRIA AND THE UNIFICATION OF ENGLAND IN THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between the clergy and their secular neighbours in the diocese of Durham in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In particular, it seeks to uncover the extent to which the two spheres experienced a shared sense of identity, in a period when that relationship was being recalibrated as the full impact of the Reformation was making itself felt. For example, the novelty of clerical marriage, within and without the clerical community, as well as oppositional doctrinal and confessional outlooks, were superimposed on to existing associations and networks. In other respects interaction between the clergy and lay society fluctuated between harmonious and positive to contentious and damaging. Meanwhile, preconceptions about the diocese are re-examined in the context of this relationship.     

PTOLEMAIC CAMEOS OF THE SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES BC

Cameos were devised some time in the Hellenistic period, and they were used in a decorative manner. In terms of style and subject matter they follow developments in the making of intaglios and other glyptic products as well as coinage. This paper examines two related series of cameos which seem to have been produced in Alexandria of the later Hellenistic period, and under direct Ptolemaic patronage. Their study is held in view of a reappraisal of the Tazza Farnese, and the presentation here of a further argument in support of this Grand Cameo's dating in the first century BC.     

PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A REPLY

So far as I can make out, Sitwell's comment on my essay says little that is relevant to its content. In fact he goes so far as to declare that my essay can in large part be ignored, presumably for purposes of gaining an understanding, or getting at the essence, of Margarita Bowen's book. I assume that Sitwell is writing a book review, more or less of the conventional sort, since he remarks that he is undertaking 'a review of the type May chose not to write.' I do not pretend for one moment that what I wrote is a book review. Perhaps it should not even have been called a 'review essay.' But Sitwell is not unaware of this, since he remarks that my 'essay is almost bound to be taken as a review,' which he regards as 'unfortunate.' Despite the fact that the tasks we have each undertaken are substantially different, and hence that our respective papers have little in common, I nevertheless think a few comments are in order.     

PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A COMMENT

At the end of his review essay occasioned by 'the appearance of Margarita Bowen's Empiricism and Geographical Thought: From Francis Bacon to Alexander von Humboldt ,' J. A. May wrote: I think     

A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FOR CONTINUITY IN BRITISH TOWNS IN THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES1

Summary. An attempt is first made to define ‘town’and ‘continuity’for this period, and to assess the vigour of towns in the fourth century. The body of the article is a review of the fifth and sixth century archaeological evidence (including structures, artefacts and dark soil) and an analysis of the interpretations based upon it especially the theories of (1) Germanic ‘mercenaries’and (2) the prolongation of towns into the fifth century so that they overlap with early English activity. The conclusion is reached that there is no archaeological evidence for continuity in fifth and sixth century towns.     

世纪之交中国文化和自然遗产保护与利用的关系

世界遗产具有很高的自然科学和历史文化价值。由于自然力对世界遗产的长期破坏和20世纪的工业化进程的影响,一项旨在保护全人类共同文化和自然遗产的《世界遗产公约》应运而生。世纪之交,中国的世界遗产和国家级遗产(国家级风景名胜区)也正面临着无节制的旅游开发行为的巨大威胁。本文以泰山索道工程为例,提出运用最低安全标准(SMS)界定遗产地保护与利用两者之间的度。文章指出,遗产价值的挖掘将随着社会的发展逐渐被深入下去,功能分区是处理当前遗产地保护与利用关系的可行手段。     

SOCIAL CARE IN NORTHERN ENGLAND: THE ALMSHOUSES OF COUNTY DURHAM,NORTHUMBERLAND, CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

Abstract

Many of the population of the north-east and Cumbria lived on the verge of poverty and found earnings cut through illness, unemployment, old age or quiet trade times. Social welfare was provided by state and private sector and included the almshouse, charity, admission to the workhouse or the paying of out-relief to the poor in their own home. Care in the almshouses was only available to a small number of the population. The vast majority of the population were left to fend for themselves in old age or widowhood. Using the 1881 and 1901 census, the paper will analyse the demography of the sample almshouses, and in particular, the population over age 60 in almshouse and workhouse. Case studies of St Annes Hospital and the Aged Miner Homes highlight the lack or provision of accommodation for this age group.     

THE IMPACT OF THE WATER ROUTES OF NOVGOROD AND NORTHEASTERN RUS' ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE TRANSVOLGA IN THE 12TH-14TH CENTURIES

On the basis of early chronicles, statutes, and maps, as well as toponyms, the author retraces the river routes and portages used by Novgorodian and Rostov-Suzdalian tribute collectors, traders, and soldiers travelling from the upper reaches of the Volga to the White Sea slope in the 12th-14th centuries. He also indirectly assesses the negative and positive impact of these waterways on the physical environment on the basis of artifacts and logic. (The translation was prepared by James R. Gibson of York University, Toronto).