2009北京·中国历代纸币展综述

由纸币收藏家丁方忠、张安生、陈昌滨、刘继辉、冯乃川(香港)、马长海、王宣瑞等七人共同发起,北京收藏家协会主办,北京先锋集钞文化传播有限公司等协办,北京市钱币学会学术支持的2009北京·中国历代纸币展于2009年11月10-20日在首都博物馆举行。     

Asymmetry in Metacarpal Cortical Bone in a Collection of British Post-Mediaeval Human Skeletons

Bilateral asymmetry in measures of metacarpal cortical bone, particularly second moments of area, in a group of 18th–19th century ad skeletons was investigated. The aim was to study variation in bilateral asymmetry with respect to sex and occupation. The skeletal material came from the crypt at Christ Church Spitalfields, London. The study sample comprised individuals with personal identifications from coffin plates. For a subset of the males, occupation was known from documentary sources. Results showed that bilateral asymmetry in second moment of area varied, to a limited extent, with occupation. Sex differences in bilateral asymmetry were also found.     

A Late 17th‐Century Trade Cargo from Ponta do Leme Velho,Sal Island,Cape Verde

In 1973, while recovering copper cargo from a 20th‐century ship wrecked off the Ponta do Leme Velho on the south‐east side of Sal Island, Cape Verde, explosives revealed an earlier ship cargo with dozens of Portuguese faience plates and bowls, glass beads and metal objects, including buckles, ammunition and copper manillas. The assemblage, including the ceramics and a marked silver tastevin, provide a site date between 1680 and 1700. The research presented here is a result of collaboration between CPAS and the authors in 2008 to analyse this assemblage in the context of late 17th‐century maritime trade.     

Flexural Performance of Small Fir and Pine Timber Beams Strengthened With Near-Surface Mounted Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (NSM CFRP) Plates and Rods

In order to study the flexural performance of fir and pine timber beams strengthened with near-surface mounted carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and rods, bending tests on 20 specimens are carried out, including four unstrengthened specimens, four specimens strengthened with CFRP plate with the dimension of 1.4 mm × 30 mm, four specimens strengthened with CFRP plate with the dimension of 2.8 mm × 30 mm, four specimens strengthened with one Φ6 mm CFRP rod, and four specimens strengthened with one Φ8 mm CFRP rod. The proportions of fir specimens and pine specimens are 50% and 50%. The results show that compared with the unstrengthened specimens, there is an improvement in flexural capacity and stiffness of the specimens strengthened with near-surface mounted CFRP plates and rods respectively. Finally, the calculation formulas of the flexural capacity of fir and pine timber beams strengthened with near-surface mounted CFRP plates and rods are presented.     

Composite Bows from Uch-kurbu in Kyrgyzstan

The article addresses the topic of composite bows from nomadic sites in Tien Shan and Zhetysu. Horn plates from bows discovered in 2008–2009 at Uch-Kurbu on the Tosor River, the Issyk-Kul Depression (Kyrgyzstan), are described and analyzed. The original design of the wooden core of the bow and the location of horn plates thereon are reconstructed. Based on our earlier classification of weapons, these are composite bows of the Xiongnu-Xianbei period. Two subtypes are identified, based on the design of plates at the ends of the bow. Evidently, composite bows with end, medio-lateral, and medio-frontal plates were the most efficient range weapon of the period.     

Structural Aspects of Medieval Timber Bridges

THIS ARTICLE compares our very fragmentary knowledge of large medieval timber bridges with the respectable body of evidence now available, and here summarized, about bridges at castles and moated sites, which, it is suggested, may be relevant to larger bridges. Nearly all the moat-bridges, from the late nth to the 16th centuries, are structurally similar in that their posts are not earth-fast but tenoned into transverse sole-plates, but the enduring type, with lateral braces, or shores, symmetrically disposed, does not appear until the ijth century. Parallel with these are various specialized forms which are stabilized by additional, longitudinal plates. In the British Isles earth-fast piles were of very limited use in minor bridges but may have become usual in major bridges in the late middle ages.     

Microdictyon plates from the lower Cambrian Ajax Limestone of South Australia: Implications for species taxonomy and diversity

A small assemblage of isolated Microdictyon plates is described from the lower Cambrian Ajax Limestone, Mt Scott Range (Flinders Ranges), South Australia. Microdictyon plates are primarily known from single, isolated, perforated phosphatic sclerites; only one species (M. sinicum) from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte is known from soft-bodied preservation of the complete organism. The isolated plates from South Australia display a wide range of morphologies potentially reflecting: 1, considerable diversification within the group at this time; 2, extensive intraspecific morphological variation; 3, different plate morphotypes along the trunk of the animal; or 4, significant ontogenetic variation in successive growth stages. The South Australian specimens are similar to several individual sclerites described from other Cambrian palaeocontinents, but appear closest to faunas described from South China. Problems associated with the taxonomy of isolated Microdictyon plates are discussed, including the lack of knowledge associated with intraspecific and/or ontogenetic variability and how individual plate morphology may relate to size or relative position along the length of the complete organism.     

The Yarm Helmet

THE YARM HELMET, unearthed in the 1950s by workmen at Yarm (North Yorkshire, England), is a composite construction ‘crested’ helmet of riveted, undecorated, thin iron plates. Without close parallel at the time it was found, it could not be confidently attributed to a specific date or culture. This paper records, analyses and reassesses the helmet, demonstrating that it is not a later copy, but an original 9th–11th-century helmet, comparable with the helmet at Gjermundbu (Norway). Its materials and construction speak to the growing pragmatism of arms and armour production, which was necessary to supply the increasing numbers of armed warriors present in this period.     

Sacred Wells in Wales

GUIDE D'ÉTUDE DIRECTE DES COMPORTEMENTS CULTURELS. By M. MAGET. Paris, 1953. Pp. xxxv, 260 ; 16 plates and drawings Reviewed by E. Ettlinger.

TOBIAS TOMAMICHEL, Bosco GURIN, DAS WALSERDORF IM TESSIN. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde (G. Krebs Verlagsbuchhandlung). Basle, 1953. Pp. 155, illustrated. Reviewed by E. Ettlinger.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CELTIC FOLKLORE, Stornoway and Oban, October 5th–13th, 1953. Reviewed by E. Ettlinger.

MY GYPSY DAYS : RECOLLECTIONS OF A ROMANI RAWNIE. By DORA E. YATES. Pp. 192, 9 plates. 8vo. London, Phoenix House, 1953. Price 16s. Reviewed by E. O. Winstedt.

WORD FOR WORD. AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF BEER. Vol. X I in the Whitbread Library. 1953. 5s. Reviewed by Leslie F. Newman.

RADNORSHIRE. By W. H. HAWSE. E. J. Thurston, Hereford. Price l6s. 6d. Reviewed by Lilian H. Hayward.

CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF SEX AND MARRIAGE. An Inquiry Relating to all Races and Nations from Antiquity to the Present Day. By GEORGE RYLEY SCOTT, F.Ph.S. (Eng.) F.Z.S., F.R.A.I., Torchstream Books, London, 1953. Reviewed by B. Z. S.     

The Secrets of a long life: The Dutch firm of covens & mortier (1685–1866) and their copper plates

Abstract

Commercial map publishing firms between the mid‐sixteenth and mid‐nineteenth centuries needed to prolong the life of their copper plates for as long as possible. In order to avoid the costs of engraving new plates, the famous Dutch publishing house of Covens & Mortier of Amsterdam (1685–1866) amended existing plates for topographical and politico‐administrative changes, engraving errors, imprint alterations and marks resulting from general wear. Not only were the plates altered, but the printed maps themselves were sometimes also modified: a new title cartouche might be pasted on or a date or part of the text scratched away. In these ways the map publishing firm was a master of creative solutions as regards both the re‐use of old copper plates and the ‘renewal’ of old printed maps.     

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF CARBONIZED RESIDUES FROM SUBARCTIC CANADIAN PREHISTORIC POTTERY

Late prehistoric pottery is found in abundance at archaeological sites around Southern Indian Lake. Black residues, found on the two dominant vessel forms, flat plates and round pots, are presumed to be the remains of prehistoric meals. ¹³C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS NMR) and¹³C and¹⁵ N isotopic ratios and C/N ratios are used to reconstruct prehistoric diet and to shed light on possible uses for the plates. Samples of foods were cooked in clay pots, on a wood fire, to simulate the conditions of burning that could have produced the residue. Decomposition of carbohydrates, protein, and fat during cooking is studied with ¹³C CPMAS NMR, and the effect of cooking on isotopic and C/N ratios documented. Predominantly fish and fat were cooked in the pots, whereas the residues from plates contain a greater proportion of fat and could have been used as frying pans or possibly as fat-burning lamps placed on the ashes of a wood fire.     

Foil chaff clouds as a tool for in-situ measurements of atmospheric motions in the middle atmosphere: their flight behaviour and implications for radar tracking

The aerodynamic behaviour of foil chaff (rectangular plates) used for in-situ measurements of atmospheric motions in the middle atmosphere (up to 100 km altitude) can be described by Stokes' Law in which the corrections are applied to the coefficient of viscosity. The results obtained with this approximation are in good agreement with observations and allow us to explain in detail certain peculiarities occasionally seen in the tracking of chaff clouds by radar.     

The development of all-metal water towers

Abstract

This paper discusses the development in Britain and Ireland of all-metal water towers as used for water supply. Although concentrating on those provided for bulk public water supplies, an outline is given of parallel developments, especially in railway engineering, during the 19th century. After 1900, panel tanks formed of steel flanged plates generally supplanted earlier forms of tank construction found on water towers and it was not until the 1950s that other, more pleasing, styles came to be erected, although these found little favour in the water industry and few were ever built. The aesthetic and long-term maintenance problems associated with all-metal water towers are also considered. The data contained in this paper is part of a larger study into the development of all forms of water tower being undertaken by ICE's Panel for Historical Engineering Works.     

Rickets in a High Social Class of Renaissance Italy: The Medici Children

Exploration of the Medici Chapels in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence revealed the burials of nine juvenile members of the Medici family (16th–17th centuries). The estimated children's skeletal ages ranged from newborns to 5‐year‐olds, showing a series of bone abnormalities, in particular diffuse periosteal new bone and bowing of long bones. The comparable pathological lesions, including porosity evident on the skull, orbital roofs, costocondral ribs and growth plates between metaphyses and epiphyses, enlargement of metaphyses and sternal rib ends, and long bone bending, are interpreted as the skeletal manifestation of rickets. The diagnosis of a metabolic disease linked to vitamin D deficiency would appear to be unexpected for children brought up at the court of a Renaissance elite class family like the Medici of Florence. Analysis of the historical and social background is particularly helpful to understand the causes of the onset of the disease in this aristocratic group. Documentary sources, supported by ¹³C and ¹⁵N bone collagen analysis, attest that weaning of these children took place when they were around 2 years old. With a prolonged breast‐feeding and a delay in introducing solid food in the diet, vitamin D deficiency is expected to rise considerably, in particular if the other main risk factor, namely inadequate sunlight exposition, is associated with this human milk‐based diet. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘China-ware in the skies’: overlapping identities in the ornamental use of plates in Uruguay

Abstract

This is the study of a church where tableware manufactured in Great Britain was used to decorate the façade in the early 19th century. An argument is made that this one surviving case points to a larger regional tradition, now lost, whose greatest exponent was Montevideo Cathedral, Uruguay. The hypothesis presented here is that the use of British plates in religious façades shortly before the South American Wars of Independence was part of a search for identity in a region trying to break away from Spain, and in the process of becoming a small republic between the two larger countries of Argentina and Brazil.     

New insights into ancient environments using dental characters in Australian Cenozoic lungfish

Environmentally-related wear conditions and pathologies affecting the dentition of fossil lungfish from freshwater deposits in Australia have been analysed and compared with similar changes in the dentition of the living Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsten. Fossil populations from the Namba, Etadunna, Wipajiri and Katipiri formations in central Australia, and the Carl Creek Limestone and the Camfield beds in northern Australia were assessed.

Tooth plates from populations of living lungfish from the Brisbane River and Enoggera Reservoir in southeast Queensland were analysed for comparison. Tooth plates were measured to determine the numbers of different age groups in each population. They were assessed for abrasion, attrition, spur and step wear, erosion and caries, and for trauma and pathological conditions such as malocclusion, hyperplasia, abscesses, osteopenia and parasitic damage. AH of these conditions are related to the environment where the fish lived, are found in living members of the group, and can be compared directly with those of fossil relatives.

The results suggest that some of the fossil populations were at risk before climatic changes late in the Cainozoic destroyed their habitats. Some fossil lungfish populations, such as those of the Wipajiri Formation, exhibit active spawning and recruitment, good growth rates and a low incidence of disease and environmentally related damage to the tooth plates. Others, like those of the Katipiri and Namba Formations, include no young, and the adult fish were ageing and show environmentally-related damage to the dentition. Etadunna lungfish had active recruitment, but the tooth plates show a high incidence of attrition and caries. Riversleigh lungfish were actively spawning but did not grow large. Tooth plates from this latter deposit have a high incidence of pathological conditions. Fish from the Camfield Beds, where food was severely limiting, had little serious pathology but high levels of caries. Pathologies among living lungfish are common, but fossil fish were comparatively healthy, with few serious dental problems. Information from studies of fossil lungfish confirms that conservation of the few living species of lungfish depends on the maintenance of clean environments that provide adequate supplies of food and suitable sites for spawning and for the growth of young fish.     

中国南方和东南亚古代铜鼓铸造技术探讨

荷兰学者贝纳特·坎普斯在1988年发表的巨著《东南亚铜鼓:青铜世界及其余波》应该算是西方学者继黑格尔1902年出版《东南亚古代金属鼓》之后研究铜鼓尤其是黑格尔I型铜鼓的集大成之作。我对书     

The Chronology of Insiza Cluster Khami‐Phase Sites in South‐Western Zimbabwe: Compositional Insights from pXRF and Raman Analysis of Excavated Exotic Glass Finds

Fourteen glass beads and one glass fragment from Khami‐period (ad 1400–1830) sites of Danamombe, Naletale, Gomoremhiko, Nharire and Zinjanja, in Zimbabwe, were analysed by pXRF and Raman spectroscopy with the intention of correlating the results with associated radiocarbon dates. The results show that Zinjanja and an earlier part of the Danamombe stratigraphic context had Khami Indo‐Pacific beads (15th–17th centuries) corresponding with Torwa occupational layers. Other European beads and one bottle fragment [high‐lime, low‐alkali (HLLA) glass] dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries were confined to the top stratigraphic layers of Danamombe and Naletale, which coincide with the later Rozvi occupational layers. Gomoremhiko had one Mapungubwe–Zimbabwe bead series (13th–15th centuries), which suggests that it was probably earlier than the other sites. All European beads are made of soda–lime plant‐ash glass with high alumina, which makes them comparable with glass produced through the Mediterranean traditions in Southern Europe.     

The Evolution of Happiness

The authors reveal a dramatic but previously unsuspected pattern in archaeological illustration: the presence of smiling faces composed of artifacts arranged in plates of archaeological illustrations and photographs. In this paper, we explore the possible meanings that lurk behind and emerge from these mysterious portraits, questioning whether they are byproducts of human agency or whether, instead, they represent new examples of how material objects act back on (or “interfere with”) human agency.     

A Tremadocian asterozoan from Tasmania and a late Llandovery edrioasteroid from Victoria

Jell, P.A., 2014. A Tremadocian asterozoan from Tasmania and a late Llandovery edrioasteroid from Victoria. Alcheringa 38, 528–540. ISSN 0311-5518.

An asterozoan, Maydena roadsidensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the mid-Tremadocian (La1b Zone) Florentine Valley Formation in southwestern Tasmania and is the oldest known asterozoan in the world. Although only a single, largely dissociated, specimen is available, enough is preserved to recognize distinctive ambulacral plates similar to those of Archegonaster Jaekel from the Llanvirn of the Czech Republic. Reciprocodiscus transambus n. gen., n. sp. is an isorophid edrioasteroid from the uppermost late Llandovery Springfield Formation exposed in the bed of Deep Creek, near Springfield, 65?km north northwest of Melbourne. It occurs with a low-diversity trilobite fauna indicating a deepwater, subphotic environment. This edrioasteroid has in each ambulacrum a single series of floor plates that are not visible on the oral surface, indicating its isorophid affinity and retains certain apparently primitive features that are not seen in post-Cambrian edrioasteroids, such as the very large plates of the marginal circlet, plated aboral surface and ambulacral tips extending onto the marginal circlet plates.

Peter A. Jell [p.jell@uq.edu.au] School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland 4072, Australia.