Peasant Categories in the Tenth and eleventh centuries

Abstract

The need for the state to protect its fiscal revenues is presented in the tenth-century legislation as a significant factor underlying the efforts made by the imperial administration to check the growing power of its provincial magnates and to make it more difficult for them to extend their properties at the expense of weaker peasants. In practice the most effective way for the state to maintain its revenues was to ensure through the regular activities of its fiscal officials that peasants who owed tax-payments to the state were not brought under the control of powerful lay and ecclesiastical landowners.     

Some Aspects of Byzantine Military Technology from the Sixth to the Tenth Centuries

Abstract

Byzantine military technology remains to be examined thoroughly, despite its importance in demonstrating the Byzantines' ability to absorb ideas and practices from areas outside the Empire as well as developing their own traditions. This article examines arms and armour from the mid-sixth century to the end of the tenth century and puts the military panoply into a wider context, that of the development of offensive and defensive military equipment in Europe and the lands to the north and east of the Empire. Finally, it examines the relationship between military affairs and the economic and political situation of the Empire and attempts to account for the use of particular weapons and methods of equipping the soldiers at particular times.     

10世纪前中国西北边疆发展的几个特点

10世纪前的中国西北边疆经历了开拓、稳定和演变等过程,构成了一个相对完整的发展阶段,边疆发展的各种形态与主要特点尽皆呈现。南农北牧既是西北边疆的基本经济形态,也是历史上中原农业王朝与北方游牧民族角逐态势延伸的主要依据;在作为边疆主体的中原或内地王朝、客体的西域地区和旁体的北方游牧民族等三个主要因素的共同作用下,西北边疆的政治地理范围时有伸缩,而多种统治体制并存、边疆问题与民族问题一体化等特点也贯穿于这一时期西北边疆发展的整个过程。     

洪武十年前后的祭礼改制初探--以郊、庙、社稷礼为中心

明太祖朱元璋在洪武十年(1377年)前后对郊、庙、社稷等国家祭礼进行了根本性的改革,呈现出由“分”到“合”,由“繁”变“简”的趋势。洪武改制除了有关郊、庙礼制的具体原因,还反映了太祖尚本重质、礼文从简的思想及垂宪后代的祖宗心态。     

妙峰山第十届传统春香庙会调查报告

妙峰山,北京西山北麓主峰,位于京西80余里门头沟区境内,明清两代以山顶“碧霞元君祠”声名遐迩,又以每年农历四月初一至十五娘娘顶庙会香火盛闻天下,成为400年来京津两地乃至华北地区民俗信仰圣地。1993年,妙峰山庙会在抗战和文革期间两度中断数十年后重新举办,除保留了明清以来传统民俗形式外,更呈现出新的时代内容。2002年5月12日(农历四月初一),正值妙峰山第十届传统春香庙会举办初日,首都师范大学历史系北京历史与文化教育传播中心组织99级71名同学专程进山对本届庙会盛况、花会组织以及香客信众等进行了广泛的调查采访。     

十世班禅与西藏和平解放及班禅问题的解决

班禅返藏问题,不仅是十世班禅自己的问题,也是和平解放西藏、实现国家统一和民族团结的一大核心问题。他首先争取中共中央对自己地位的承认,提出解决班禅问题的方案和意见;接着在和平解放西藏的谈判中使班禅问题的解决在协议中规定下来。十七条协议签订后,他又采取积极措施使书面规定得到具体实现,顺利返藏。班禅问题得以解决的根本原因是中国共产党维护国家统一和民族团结的决心与正确的方针、步骤,十世班禅也作出了积极的努力和贡献。     

西安西郊陕棉十厂唐壁画墓清理简报

1996年3月下旬,西安西郊陕棉十厂在其福利区西纺一村15号住宅楼的基建施工时,发现古代墓葬数座,陕西省考古研究所接到报告后,即派人前往进行抢救性清理。共清理唐代墓葬9座,其中一座壁画墓出土器物比较丰富,壁画的保存状况较好,现将该墓的清理情况简报如下。     

The Tenth Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics. Conservation: An Act of Discovery

Abstract

The Herculaneum Conservation Project has approached the conservation of a large-scale archaeological site (Herculaneum, Italy) suffering widespread forms of decay in two different ways: 1) with a site-wide campaign addressing conservation problems in areas most at risk and 2) with a case-study project for one urban block (Insula Orientalis I ) exploring some of the complex conservation challenges in more detail. One of these challenges is how to approach the repair of existing roofing and how to design new forms of protective shelter for those spaces that have never been covered. Short-, mid- and long-term solutions for the repair and substitution of existing roofing are being tested as part of the site-wide campaign, while in the case-study area more enduring solutions (new mid- and long-term) for new shelters are being trialled.     

侵华日军军风纪研究--以第十军为中心

长期以来,作为否认侵华日军暴行的更进一步表现,日本不断有人对日军军风纪大加称赏。由于日方献在战后遭到了大规模焚毁,而日本叉一直有人不承认事发当时中国和西方献的客观性,使得这一并不遥远的既成史案在日本成了混沌的疑谜。然而,即便据侵华日军仅存的第十军和中支那方面军法务部日志(后所录案件亦以第十军为主)及近年面世的第十军法务部长日记等有限的献,仍可证明日军所到之处进行了频繁的强奸、杀人、放火、抢劫,所谓日军军风纪特优的论调完全经不起日军自已留下的献的检验。