19世纪末20世纪初美国大众化杂志的发展

19世纪末20世纪初,美国大众化杂志迅速兴起和发展。大众化杂志有如下几个特点:迎合大众口味;内容贴近社会现实;价格低廉;有一个稳定增长的、数量较大的读者队伍。美国大众化杂志的兴起和发展,是当时美国社会政治经济状况决定的,并对20世纪初美国黑幕揭发运动的兴起和发展,以及20世纪初美国社会的变革和转型起了重要的促进作用。     

19世纪末20世纪初美国国家公园正当性话语的建构

19世纪末20世纪初,在倡导对自然资源进行开发与利用的历史语境中,国家公园这种相悖于传统、将自然资源\"锁起来\"的公共土地利用模式,时常遭到美国功利主义开发势力的质疑和挑战.在支持国家公园的美国社会精英看来,国家公园保存的都是\"无与伦比的风景\",是能够彰显美国独特性的国家骄傲.他们一方面构建国家公园土地对于传统资源开发乃是\"无用之地\"的形象,另一方面极力阐释国家公园在经济、社会、文化、科学、教育等方面的功用和益处,及其相异于其他\"美国公地\"的独特性,从而形成了一套塑造国家公园正当性的话语体系.该话语体系既接续了美国浪漫主义和民族主义风景观念,迎合了\"后边疆时代\"美国精英阶层的荒野文化心理,又从实用主义的角度发掘出国家公园在美国经济社会发展中的多重\"资源\"价值,最终促使国家公园在美国人的自然认知和经济社会体系中确立了正当性.     

19世纪末20世纪初奕劻外交活动真相

19世纪末20世纪初,中国外交矛盾交织.庆亲王奕劻以皇族特殊身份进入中央政权,执掌军政外交,参与处理清廷与义和团、八国联军进犯北京和列强签订<辛丑议和条约>等.从中看出奕劻外交中的特点及经验教训,将给人们以启迪.     

19世纪末-20世纪初知识分子的婚姻观

俄罗斯宗知识分子一直是国内学界研究和关注的重要领域,但是俄罗斯知识分子的婚姻观研究则是薄弱的环节。本文从圣礼和肉体两个方面进行论述,试图对俄罗斯知识分子的婚姻观做一个初步的探讨。     

19世纪末20世纪初新疆的政治整合

本文论述了19世纪末20世纪初新疆在政治方面进行的一系列有益的整合举措,认为其重建和规范了新疆的统治秩序,有力地促进了近代新疆社会的发展进步。但其消极、失败的一面也不容忽视。     

19世纪末20世纪初的维吾尔族社会初探

十九世纪下半叶,外患的加剧严重破坏了新疆社会生产力。1884年,清政府通过新疆建省和以“建省”为中心进行了一系列改革,以及20世纪初在新疆推行的新政,废除了长期存在新疆维吾尔族社会中的伯克制,有力地促进了维吾尔族社会的发展,并产生了深远的影响。     

20世纪90年代的美国环境保护运动和环境保护主义

1970年4月22日,当美国历史上的第一个“地球日”示威发生时,有人曾骂它是“自十字军东征以来的一次由一群乌合之众支持的马戏表演”,是“生态狂”;然而,到了1990年,在“地球日”20周年的时候,4月22日已成了一个国际性的节日。这一天世界上有140多个国家举行了各种形式的纪念性活动。在美国,仅纽约一地,就有20万人参加了在中央公园的庆祝集会。1970年的地球日,被公认是在1962年卡森的《寂静的春天》拉开序幕之后,美国环境保护运动走向高潮的一个标志。     

19世纪末20世纪初美国城市改革中的“赫尔之家”

1889年成立的芝加哥“赫尔之家”是美国社会安置运动的代表。“赫尔之家”成为美国第一代职业女性的培训基地,这些女性进入大学、政府和市政机构,成为作家、研究人员和高管,以及决心改善城市生活、解决工业化带来的严重问题的改革者。通过“赫尔之家”,以女性为主的改革者致力于改善市政,建设公园和游戏场,并为城市带来社区感。他们的最终目标是消除贫困和促进机会平等。在解决城市问题和实现城市改革目标的过程中,“赫尔之家”表现出双重作用。一方面,作为安置所,“赫尔之家”为所在社区新移民提供各种社会服务和援助;另一方面,居民在“赫尔之家”参与活动,安置所逐渐转变为实现城市改革的实验场所,他们在那里提出并尝试新的想法。     

论19世纪末20世纪初梁启超的国家主权观念

国家主权和领土完整、民族独立是一国立国的基本条件。进人近代以来,在列强的坚船利炮下,晚清中国一步步丧失了完整意义上的国家特征,大好的河山割让,大量的主权利权丧失。而１９世纪末２０世纪初,在中国最终形成半殖民地半封建社会的同时,列强对中国的侵略也向纵深方向发展,一方面分割中国,划分势力范围,另一方面转向“中国无形之主权”的侵略。生长在这一时期的梁启超,饱受了主权理论和近代外交文明的滋润,面对破碎的山河,强烈要求捍卫国家主权和民族独立,初步形成了清晰的国家主权观念。一、深刻诠释国家主权和民族独立概念…     

Narrating Difference and Defining the Nation in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century 'Western' Europe

This article examines the influence of Orientalist representations of Eastern Europe on definitions and theories of the nation, and their impact on normative interpretations of the nature of nations and national identity in Western Europe. It focuses on the history of the development of these normative interpretations in the decades leading up to and including the First World War. During this period European progressives--whether intellectuals, social scientists or politicians--residing in Britain and France, definitively 'Western European' states, were keen to discuss the future application of the principle of nationality, its necessity and its obstacles. With the outbreak of war in 1914, such progressive interest in the status of nations and national identities helped shape the anticipated democratic 'new world order' and the mental map of Eastern and Western Europe. I argue that their attempts to explain and represent the nature and significance of nationhood and national identity iterated Orientalist versions of Eastern Europe, and, at the same time, their definitions and theorisations of nations were replete with anomalies that defy any simply categorisation of the nature of Western Europe or the status of its nations.     

Taubeneck's Laws: Third Parties in American Politics in the Late Nineteenth Century

Third parties were a persistent and important aspect of American politics after the Civil War and have been as well a continuing focus of scholarly interest. This article discusses both the history and the historiography of the most prominent third party by examining the attitudes and actions of Herman E. Taubeneck, the national chairman of the People's or Populist Party. Taubeneck drew from his participation in and study of American politics to formulate a set of laws that he believed defined the creation, organization, direction, and success of third parties in the American political context. His analysis remarkably foreshadowed the ways in which modern scholars, drawing from several different disciplinary perspectives and methodologies, have only recently begun to explain and clarify the complex course of Populism. But Taubeneck's incomplete application of his own principles helped to disrupt and destroy the Populist Party itself.     

The Reappearing Masterpiece: Ranking American Artists and Art Works of the Late Twentieth Century

A survey of the illustrations in textbooks of modern art produces the startling finding that art scholars consider Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty to be the most important individual work made by an American artist during the past 150 years. More generally, quantifying the evidence of the textbooks reveals the source of the pluralism, or stylistic incoherence, of American art since the late 1960s. A persistently high demand for artistic innovation has produced a regime in which conceptual approaches have predominated. The art world has consequently been flooded by a series of new ideas, often embodied in individual works, usually made by young artists who have failed to make more than one significant contribution in their careers. The monumental Spiral Jetty, made in 1970 by a young artist who was killed soon thereafter while in the process of making his art, brought together a remarkable number of the central themes of the advanced art of the time and has become a symbol for that art.     

The Barony and the Churches of Late Nineteenth Century Glasgow

The Barony Parish Church was one of the most important churches in nineteenth century Scotland partly due to its history, size, and location at the heart of the "second city" of the Empire and its Minister, Norman MacLeod. Its congregation represented every tier of Glasgow society in terms of social class and gender and as such, throws light on the more general debates on religion and society in nineteenth century Britain. When compared with other churches and denominations in Glasgow, it builds a more general picture of church and people in the city. The picture drawn reveals a complex pattern of adherence varying between individuals and families. An over emphasis on secular reasons for church membership ignores the important role of faith in determining patterns of adherence. Family letters, diaries, and journals often reveal a deep-seated faith and critical reflections on the preaching of the Word.     

Some Literary Cafes of the Late Nineteenth Century

A concern with the use and abuse of power, how it is exercised, by whom, and to what ends runs throughout the fiction of Catalan writer Jaume Cabré. His 1984 novel Fra Junoy o l'agonia dels sons, which was awarded the Premi Prudenci Bertrana, Crítica Serra d'Or, and Nacional de la Crítica, dramatizes the intransigence of ecclesiastical authorities in conflict with the desire for tolerance of a friar. Cabré employs different temporal and spatial planes, shifting points of view, and one of his favorite strategies, that of beginning his novels in medias res and showing the consequences of actions before narrating the actions themselves. A contrapuntal technique contrasts not just characters, but differing concepts of religion and religious life, and sets quotations from the Bible against passages from the governing documents of the convent where Fra Junoy serves as confessor. The clash between his doubts and the certitude of the convent's rigid abbess calls to mind the contest between Sister Aloysius and Father Flynn in John Patrick Shanley's Doubt: A Parable (2005).     

Supreme Court Advocacy in the Early Nineteenth Century

The early nineteenth century was transformative of the Supreme Court's practices. Yet understanding those fundamental changes requires some appreciation of practice before the Court in the late eighteenth century, and the developments in the early nineteenth century produced changes in the Court's practices that are still felt today. In this first half-century or so of the Court's existence, more dramatic developments and changes occurred in oral argument practice than in any other period of the Court's history. ¹