大历史与历史研究

大历史是历史研究与教学的新领域,它是指从各种可能的规模甚至宇宙的规模来探究一切事物的历史。大历史也是一种跨学科研究。它与世界史存在关联,也是对传统史学的一种补充。大历史探究也满足了人们的精神、心灵和社会需求,有利于人们更好地认识自我。     

Intellectual History and the History of Philosophy

Summary

The issue which I wish to address in this paper is the widespread tendency in Anglophone philosophy to insist on a separation between the history of philosophy and the history of ideas or intellectual history. This separation reflects an anxiety on the part of philosophers lest the special character of philosophy will be dissolved into something else in the hands of historians. And it is borne of a fundamental tension between those who think of philosophy's past as a source of ideas and arguments of interest to the present, and those who hold that the philosophy of the past should be studied on its own terms, in relation to its immediate context, without reference to the present. The challenge, then, is to re-historicise the history of philosophy, and to keep the philosophers onside.     

AHS Classics: Rural History and Environmental History

Studying rural history and environmental history in Australian Historical Studies reveals a shared effort to challenge the colonial narrative of the settlement of rural Australia that continues to hold sway in popular representations of the national past. Rather than finding distinct spheres of urban and rural Australia, it reveals instead the processes by which these areas have been mutually constitutive, whether through cultural representations, economic exchanges, or the application of science and technology. Rather than confirming the dichotomy of nature and culture of the city and the bush, it highlights instead the wider cultural and ecological implications of settler Australians’ diverse engagements with an ancient and Aboriginal land. By transcending disciplinary and spatial boundaries, rural and environmental historians reveal the complexities of colonisation and the networks of exchange that have shaped Australians and their environments since 1788. In their hands, history becomes an important form of knowledge for making sense of rural and environmental change in the twenty-first century.     

环境史：历史、理论和方法

环境和生态危机是当今世界最引人关注的突出问题之一。它不但促成了席卷全球的环保运动，还引起哲学、经济学、政治学、法学，社会学、人类学、伦理学等学科的广泛兴趣，历史学也不例外。环境史的形成和发展已成为国际史学界70年代以来最引人关注的新领域之一。我国早已把环境保护定为基本国策。其他学科研究环境问题的成果层出不穷，历史学的反应却相当迟缓。本文将从全球视野对环境史的兴起、发展、理论、方法及其存在的问题进行初步的分析。     

History and Tradition

English-speaking soldiers of the Great War created a large ‘trench press’, a body of periodicals by, for, and about their experiences. They contain a wealth of folkloric material and indications of its significance and functions. While acknowledging the constraints involved in retrieving once-living traditions from the fragmentary survival of mostly makeshift periodicals, this article describes and discusses the processes involved in the creation and development of an especially well-defined folk culture in unprecedented and extreme circumstances. While some elements of soldier folklore, especially song, verse, and language, have been the subject of usually discrete interest by folklorists, this is the first attempt to understand a range of folkloric practice and expression in the context of a particular set of combat circumstances.     

历史与现实

历史与现实只是两个词,而不是两回事。语言把本体弄成两半,同时又遮蔽了另一半。这样,一半是语言性的“历史”和“现实”,一半是事实性的历史与现实。“历史即现实”这个新历史观的命题在最抽象的意义上,它是最具体的,同时,在最具体的意义上,它又是最抽象的。本质上,历史首先是一种深度的存在。只有在历史的无限深度之下,才有永恒的意义。历史是距离人们最远而又最近的东西。但人们只知道“最远”而不知道“最近”,所以,人们的历史观就大成问题。     

历史与记忆

当代史学和历史哲学中关于记忆问题的探讨为我们关于史学的理解提供了新的视角。在这一视野下,记忆超越单纯个体心理的层次获得了作为脑外"文化记忆"的历史维度。在历史与记忆关系的层面上,历史记忆的多元性对历史记载的单一性提供了重要的补益,同时,史学文本的宏观视野对于历史记忆的微观局部性和片断性亦显示出认识上的优越性。在认识论维度之外,历史记忆诉诸历史正义的道义性是其十分显著的特质,于此凸显史学科学性与道义性维度复杂的张力关系,历史科学性不能成为漠视道义性的理由。最后,在历史与记忆关系上传统的历史本位立场之外,对人生有意义的历史终究要落实在人间的历史记忆中,从而彰显记忆本位的合理性,这或许是关注历史记忆所能带给我们的一点理论启示。     

后现代主义与历史研究

本刊自本期起开辟《国外史学的新发展》栏目 ,主要发表各类文章介绍和评述国外史学自 2 0世纪 70年代以来的新发展。国外史学自 2 0世纪 70年代以后的新发展是值得我们十分注意和认真研究的。可以说 ,这次新发展的意义并不下于上次 ;也就是说 ,上次的发展标志着新史学取代传统史学 ,使史学走上新的发展道路 ,而这次的新发展 ,可以说是对新史学的挑战 ,预示着一种更新的史学可能出现。如果说上次的变化的发端是在上个世纪之交 ,即 1 9、2 0世纪之交的话 ,那么这个世纪之交 ,即 2 0、2 1世纪之交发生的这次变化不也正是一次同样深刻的变化的发端吗 ?因此 ,我们要预测 2 1世纪国外史学的发展 ,就不可不深入了解 2 0世纪 70年代以后的这次新发展。而在全球化趋势日益发展的今天 ,各国间的文化学术交流越来越频繁 ,我国史学的发展既不可能不和国外史学发生相互影响 ,也不可能再闭关自守 ,不去了解和研究国外史学的变化。总之 ,无论从哪个角度讲 ,我们都应加强对国外史学新发展的研究。2 0世纪 70年代国外史学的新发展 ,我们可以简略地概括为三个方面 ,即 :一 ,西方新史学的转型 ;二 ,后现代主义对史学的冲击和影响 ;三 ,苏联解体前后 ,俄国史学的剧变。当然 ,这三个方面并不能概括国外史学发展的全部 ,但应该