陕西省旅游资源保护及其策略研究

旅游资源产权不明晰,旅游市场的不完全竞争性,非理性的旅游及其它经济活动以及片面强调旅游业的发展优势是陕西省旅游资源遭受破坏的主要原因。因此陕西省必须实施可持续旅游策略,树立资源忧患意识,改革旅游资源开发体制,建立资源价值合理化机制,实施绿色营销等,努力做到资源保护与旅游经济发展相协调。     

宁夏镇北堡移民文化旅游开发初探

移民文化具有多元性、宗教性、民族性和开放性的特征。本文以宁夏镇北堡为例,分析了镇北堡移民文化的由来和特征;对镇北堡开发移民文化旅游进行了可行性分析,包括区位优势分析和资源优势分析。在资源优势分析中,笔者运用层次分析法(AHP)对镇北堡旅游资源价值进行了综合评价,得出了旅游资源的文化价值是影响旅游资源开发潜力最重要的因素;同时也说明了移民文化在整个镇北堡旅游资源中具有极高的文化价值。最后,笔者提出了宁夏镇北堡移民文化旅游开发思路和开发战略。     

沿海生态旅游资源评价的核心问题探讨--以江苏沿海为例

文章从生态旅游的角度出发,从沿海生态旅游资源价值构成分析切入,基于可持续发展的理论构建沿海生态旅游资源价值体系和评价指标。以江苏沿海为例,从哲学、认知论的层面上,分析了沿海生态旅游资源的旅游(审美)、生态(伦理)、经济(功利)价值,从景观生态学、旅游学、心理学、经济学、社会符号学等交叉学科出发探讨了沿海生态旅游资源评价的尺度和过程,最后举例适合沿海生态旅游资源评价的方法,理论联系实际,梳理了评价的主要理论问题。     

西部贫困地区可持续发展的模式初探

贫困地区较之一般地域面临更为严峻的发展与生态环境保护冲突,此类地区可持续发展对更大范围的发展状态与进程具有更大影响。本着空间协调性、时序协调性、要素协调性等原则,本文提出西部贫困地区实现可持续发展的模式有:资源开发模式、生态优化模式、城市先导模式、高新技术产业化驱动模式、旅游先导模式等。对这些模式的空间选择给出了建设性的意见和建议。     

‘Site unseen’: the case for reburial of archaeological sites

Abstract

The decision-making process for managing and conserving archaeological sites is increasingly accepted as being driven by a thorough assessment of values, physical condition of the resource and the management context. Reconciling the results of these assessments, which may point in different directions, to arrive at a decision that is most appropriate for the resource can be a complex process. When reburial (also referred to as backfilling) is being considered as an option for the preservation of an excavated site (especially long-term reburial), there are particular opportunities and constraints and a host of considerations (stakeholder, technical and management) that need to be taken into account if the values of a place are not to be compromised and stakeholders alienated. For, however beneficial reburial may be from a conservation perspective, it is generally viewed with scepticism or disfavour by those with legal authority over a site, and by those stakeholders who want access to the site for study, education or money-making. This paper examines the rationales for reburial, as well as the objections to it, and puts forth a decision-making model for reburial interventions that takes into consideration stakeholder, technical and management needs.     

长江巢湖段岸线资源评价与港口发展研究

本文首先运用遥感与GIS技术,选取岸线前沿水深、岸线稳定性、岸前航道水域宽度和后方陆域场地宽度4项指标对安徽巢湖沿江岸线资源进行了综合评价,评价结果表明安徽长江巢湖段一、二级岸线比例高,适合建港和发展工业、仓储的岸线资源丰富、发展潜力大;其次在GIS平台上摸清了岸线资源的利用情况,确定了各级岸线资源的空间分布与功能划分。在此研究基础上,提出巢湖沿江港口建设的总体功能定位与空间布局。最后给出了长江巢湖段岸线开发与港口发展的对策与建议。     

Empowering Pyromaniacs in Madagascar: Ideology and Legitimacy in Community‐Based Natural Resource Management

Development practitioners frequently rely on community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM) as an approach to encourage equitable and sustainable environmental resource use. Based on an analysis of the case of grassland and woodland burning in highland Madagascar, this article argues that the success of CBNRM depends upon the real empowerment of local resource users and attention to legitimacy in local institutions. Two key factors — obstructive environmental ideologies (‘received wisdoms’) and the complex political and social arena of ‘community’ governance — challenge empowerment and legitimacy and can transform outcomes. In Madagascar, persistent hesitancy among leaders over the legitimate role of fire has sidetracked a new CBNRM policy called GELOSE away from one of its original purposes — community fire management — towards other applications, such as community management of forest exploitation. In addition, complications with local governance frustrate implementation efforts. As a result, a century‐long political stalemate over fire continues.     

Mixed Outcomes: The Impact of Regional Autonomy and Decentralization on Indigenous Ethnic Minorities in Indonesia

This article examines how indigenous ethnic minorities in Indonesia are being affected by the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy policies. New legislation transferred responsibility and authority over various issues, including resource extraction and local governance, from the central government to regional authorities at the district level. Members of the growing indigenous rights movement hoped that this decentralization process would allow ethnic minority communities to retain or regain control over natural resources through local‐level politics. Furthermore, some ethnic minorities saw the implementation of decentralization as an opportunity to return to local forms of land tenure and resource management that had been disparaged by the national government for most of the twentieth century. However, these new laws also encourage district level governments to generate income through natural resource exploitation, as they will receive a certain percentage of these revenues. Minority communities could be adversely affected as local governments disregard their land rights in efforts to raise income to cover their new expenses, essentially continuing the practices of previous governments. This article examines the new opportunities, as well as the new threats, posed by decentralization to ethnic minorities throughout Indonesia.     

An Attempt at a Quantitative Evaluation of the Natural Resource Potential of Regions in the USSR

A technique for measuring total resource potential is proposed. For a selected set of resources (coal, oil and gas, iron ore, hydro power, timber, arable land, forage land), reserves are divided by the estimated period of use to obtain annual productivity. The resources are then valued in terms of a set of unit prices. The inclusion of agricultural land resources tends to assign a greater role to the Western portions of the USSR than is normally the case in resource estimates. The significance of the mineral-rich Eastern regions is also understated by limiting reserve estimates to those that are likely to be accessible in the foreseeable future (10 to 15 years). Resource density per unit area shows particularly high values for the southern agricultural regions, especially where they are combined with significant mineral and hydro resources. Resource availability per 1000 population shows expectedly high values for the sparsely populated Eastern regions of the USSR.     

论城市化发展的自然资源基础

我国正在实施可持续发展战略与城市化战略。城市化发展离不开自然资源基础,并对自然资源基础产生一系列复杂、深远的影响。本文首先阐释了城市化发展的自然资源基础的基本内涵,即资源供需矛盾是城市化的内在动力,资源稀缺与替代是对城市化自然资源基础保障作用的演绎与强化,资源综合优势是城市化持续发展的根本保证。同时提出自然资源对城市化发展的基础作用包括三种类型,即资源开发驱动型,资源结构制约型以及资源环境耦合型。并从资源开发、利用与管理等角度提出合理利用与保护自然资源基础,促进城市化持续健康发展的对策。     

Geographic Zonality and Polar Asymmetry

The author disagrees with Markov's suggestion that polar asymmetry, as a structural element of the earth's geographic envelope, takes precedence over geographic zonality. Sochava proposes instead that asymmetry be regarded merely as an additional characteristic of zonality).     

浅议人才测评技术在高校人力资源开发中的应用

人才测评技术是人力资源管理的一种基本方法,在人力资源管理和开发中作用日益突出,掌握人才测评技术的基本理论和方法,成为高校人事管理者不可缺少的技能。本文通过研究人才测评技术在高校人力资源管理和开发中的应用,指出一条合理可行的高校人力资源管理和开发途径。     

Declining foraging efficiency and moa carcass exploitation in southern New Zealand

The application of foraging theory to understanding carcass exploitation is a relatively recent development. The methodology developed by archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research on butchery/transport studies has been integrated into a behavioral ecological framework to create models that can be used to understand archaeological carcass exploitation. In this paper, I use such a model to examine how New Zealand foragers altered their use of moa carcasses as the availability of these large birds declined. Moa data from the Shag River Mouth site in southern New Zealand are analyzed to test changes in butchery/transport and skeletal element breakage patterns expected with resource depression and declining foraging efficiency. This research shows that at Shag Mouth, field processing of moas increased and marrow, and possibly grease extraction intensified over time.     

Opportunistic versus target mode: Prey choice changes in central-western Korean prehistory

Human decision-making processes are usually hierarchical in that higher-level decisions impose constraints on lower-level decisions. As a result, prey choices during individual foraging trips are governed to a large degree by higher-level decisions regarding how to supply resources to satisfy demands, with higher-level decisions typically made prior to foraging trips. Resource selectivity and search bias sometimes take place in this context. By dividing resource procurement modes into opportunistic and target, I discuss how choice of mode on the basis of an overall economic plan affects prey choice during foraging trips and faunal assemblage composition resulting from those trips. An analysis of taxonomic diversity in shellmidden assemblages from the central-western Korean Late Chulmun Period (3500–1300 BC) and Middle and Late Mumun Period (700–100 BC) shows that Late Chulmun people adopted a target mode, while Middle/Late Mumun people adopted an opportunistic mode in their exploitation of marine resources. A decrease in the importance of marine resource in Middle/Late Mumun produced a change in taxonomic diversity by increasing the opportunistic cost of marine resource exploitation.     

Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia: Cause of Conflict or Cooperation?

An American specialist on the water resources of the republics of the former USSR, and especially those in Central Asia, reviews the current state of the Aral Sea Basin water resource with respect to supply, consumption, and the legal/institutional framework governing its use. More specifically, he examines water resources and management in the Aral Sea Basin for the purpose of assessing the potential for either interstate conflict or cooperation among the basin states (including Afghanistan and Iran). The author explores actions that could be taken to enhance water availability in the basin and the status of current structures for interstate management of key shared water resources. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q15, Q25, R14. 2 figures, 2 tables, 49 references.     

The Changing Value of Australian Tropical Rivers

Until recently the objectives of tropical river management were narrowly construed: the development imperative drove resource policy. During recent decades, community attitudes to river and water management have changed considerably and the national program of water reform, the National Water Initiative, is accelerating alterations to the way that water is used, managed and priced. A broader range of values and imperatives is now influencing water resource management policy. Not least is the concern over the ecological impacts and economic inefficiencies of the large‐scale hydrological schemes that once excited the public's imagination. This paper reports on a recent study of social and economic values of tropical rivers conducted by the authors for an Australian statutory research and development corporation. The study shows that the values associated with tropical rivers have changed and diversified over time with growing societal awareness of the contribution made by unregulated, healthy river systems to human wellbeing and cultural identity. As a consequence of substantial social change, tropical river management must now contend with a more complex array of societal values and water management objectives.     

浅析人力资源管理中的认识误区

错误的人力资源管理认识,将会对人力资源的开发与管理产生不良影响。本文分析了人力资源管理中的七大错误观念和做法,并提出了相应的措施。     

Mining (Dis)amenity: The Political Ecology of Mining Opposition in the Kaz (Ida) Mountain Region of Western Turkey

Opposition to mining activities is an increasingly global phenomenon. A key feature of political ecology literature examining this opposition is its focus on the power of multinational corporations to gain access to resources on lands principally claimed by indigenous peoples and peasants in ‘Third World’ countries. These struggles often play out within the context of tensions between neoliberal natural resource policies and interventions by non‐governmental and civil society actors. Meanwhile, political ecology scholars of natural resource conflicts in ‘First World’ countries are documenting conflicts over environmental management that emerge from complex commodification processes and competing forms of capital investment, such as those associated with amenity migration, that privilege different characteristics of landscapes. These perspectives are rarely combined into a single framework, despite the recognition that common dimensions may intermingle in regional contexts around the world. Using the case of conflict over gold mining in the Kaz (Ida) Mountains of western Turkey, this article explores the intersection of state neoliberalism with competing forms of rural capital, which produce a regional mining conflict. Our case highlights the value of ‘locating the First and Third Worlds within’ when it comes to studies of social processes that shape environmental conflicts.     

Why Does Polycentric Governance Work for Some Project Sites and Not Others? Explaining the Sustainability of Tramline Projects in the Philippines

Why are some tramlines, as human-made common pool resources, sustained while others are not, even under a similar polycentric governance structure? Do the institutional design principles of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework explain these different outcomes? The National Tramline Program is a national rural infrastructure development project started in 2009 by the research institute of the Department of Agriculture in the Philippines. Using originally collected survey data and employing mixed methods, we examine the determinants of the operational status of tramlines by comparing successful and failed cases. Building upon the IAD framework and polycentric governance for common pool resource management, we demonstrate that in addition to the farmers’ commitment to collective actions, the institutional characteristics of micro-institutions, namely, the democratic selection of a leader for the farmers’ associations, are key to sustaining tramlines. Furthermore, case studies of both success and failure illustrate that the active involvement of municipal local governments and the presence of coordination among related agencies at various levels are essential for maintaining tramlines as human-made common pool resources.