20世纪七八十年代美国黑人政治力量崛起的原因

20世纪七八十年代美国黑人政治力量的崛起,是美国政坛一个令人瞩目的现象。究其原因,是黑人大规模城市化、黑人中产阶级力量壮大、黑人政治意识增强及黑人合法主义传统等多方面因素综合作用的结果。当然,黑人政治力量的崛起只是初步性的,其实质是黑人中产阶级政治地位的提高。     

女性解放与凯末尔改革——基于土耳其女性史研究的考察

土耳其共和国建立后,土耳其女性史的叙事相继出现了民族主义、女性主义和伊斯兰主义等范式。这些叙事范式的思想渊源皆可追溯至奥斯曼帝国晚期人们有关女性问题的争论与实践。女性解放是凯末尔改革的重要内容,对土耳其女性的命运产生了深刻影响。然而在土耳其女性史的不同叙事范式中,却对凯末尔主义的女性解放运动有着迥然相异的评价。女性史叙事范式的演变及其对凯末尔主义女性解放的不同评价,本质上是土耳其社会发展和意识形态演变的结果。它们不仅反映了女性主义与父权制、国家主义之间的问题,同时也呈现出土耳其激进的西方化和世俗化改革与深厚的伊斯兰传统之间的张力。     

论B.T.华盛顿的妥协主义思想

布克·Ｔ．华盛顿是１９世纪末２０世纪初无可争议的美国黑人领袖。在内战后黑人的自由和权利都极为有限、极为脆弱,黑人生活环境举步维艰,白人种族主义势力甚嚣尘上的特定历史环境下,华盛顿提出了以调和主义、渐进主义为主要内容的妥协主义思想。这一思想代表了当时美国黑人领导阶层,尤其是南方黑人领导阶层的主导思想。华盛顿就黑人问题提出妥协主义思想,与他个人的经历,与当时美国社会的主流思想和文化观念,与他对当时美国社会种族关系的认识、黑人情况的评估以及对黑人未来前景的计划,均有着密切的关系。在当时历史条件下,华盛顿的妥协主义思想似乎比较保守,但从长远看,它具有一定的进步意义     

美国南方黑人的土地问题——美国黑人解放斗争的历史关键

美国黑人奴隶制度是在1861——1865年的内战炮火中被打碎的,但是,黑人在摆脱了奴隶枷锁之后,还是得不到他们迫切需要的土地。黑人仅仅在名义上不再是奴隶了,然而他们所受的剥削和压迫,并不比过去有所减轻,他们照旧过着牛马不如的生活。历史上的土地问题是美国黑人至今进行着的解放斗争的重要关键之一。本文的目的便是企图就这个土地问题作初步的探讨。     

林肯解放黑奴的历史真相

美国黑人是在1861—1865年的内战炮火中从奴隶制枷锁中解放出来的。那末这次解放的真相到底怎样呢?关于这个问题,美国资产阶级历史家不惜绞尽大量脑汁进行歪曲揑造,力图掩盖这一段历史的真实面貌。他们所编造的最为流行的神话便是:美国奴隶制度之废除,应该归功于林肯总统所颁布的黑奴《解放宣言》,黑人之获得解放,完全出于北方资产阶级的“恩赐”,而黑人本身在摧毀奴隶制的斗争中一无所     

邓小平、陈云的改革思想比较

邓小平、陈云在中国改革开放的实践探索中,对改革的目的、改革的性质、改革的任务、改革成败的评判标准等重要问题都有明确的观点和系统的论述。邓小平、陈云都认识到,发展是解决中国所有问题的关键,并提出社会主义的根本任务是解放     

女性主义思想对美国社会产生的影响——读艾丽丝·沃克的《紫色》

女性主义思想启迪黑人女性必须团结在一起,发挥女性主义传统,求得自我解放。艾丽丝·沃克从独特的视角描写了美国黑人妇女的痛苦、绝望和扭曲的个性,剖析了她们的内心世界,揭示了她们在寻找真实自我与人格尊严的过程中历经的痛楚和磨难,并最终找到了一条自救的道路而成为独立、自信的女人。     

“尼亚加拉运动”的兴起及其对美国黑人民权斗争发展的影响

“尼亚加拉运动”是20世纪初美国黑人争取种族平等的代表性组织。在白人种族主义泛滥的社会背景下,黑人知识分子的民权理念在世纪之交出现了妥协主义与激进主义的分歧。杜波依斯和激进派黑人逐渐团结在一起,成立了“尼亚加拉运动”组织,为这一时期的黑人民权活动注入了活力。该组织不仅提出了黑人的民权诉求,并将妇女、青年拓展为黑人争取民权的中坚力量,还通过创立官方媒体,开拓了自己的宣传阵地。此外,该组织以游说、资助和提供法律援助等形式,帮助“波普案”等一系列民权活动取得了成功。“尼亚加拉运动”的兴起标志着美国黑人民权斗争由妥协到激进的转向。该组织的发展促使20世纪美国黑人民权事业朝着组织建构更为系统、斗争目标更加明确、参与人员更加广泛的方向发展,有效地促进了黑人社会影响力的提升,为现代黑人民权事业打下了坚实的基础。     

美国内战期间黑人反对种族歧视的斗争

一部美国黑人史便是他们坚持不懈反对压迫、反对种族歧视的斗争史。美国反动统治集团的种族歧视政策贯串着全部美国历史,是它一贯奉行的统治策略,是其对内对外反动政策的重要組成部分。甚至在1861——1865年内战期简,在美国北方资产阶级迫切需要利用黑人的力量去粉碎奴隶主叛乱集团的时候,他们也沒有放弃这个政策。因此,美国黑人在内战的艰苦岁月里在为了争取从奴隶制度的压迫下解放而斗争的同时,也不得不与可咀咒的种族歧视作顽强的斗争。本文的目的便是揭露美国资产阶级在内战期间加在黑人身上的种种压抑、凌辱及歧视,描写黑人不畏强暴反对种族歧视的英勇斗争事迹,并试图说明这个斗争的性质、特点、局限性及其作用和历史意义。     

美国黑人朋友罗伯特·威廉眼中的毛泽东——纪念毛泽东诞辰111周年

1963年8月8日下午,毛泽东主席接见了正在北京访问的一批非洲外宾,发表了《呼吁世界人民联合起来反对美国帝国主义的种族歧视、支持美国黑人反对种族歧视的斗争的声明》,并做了重要讲话。毛主席说：“我们要加强团结,共同反对帝国主义、殖民主义和他们的走狗,为争取完全彻底的民族独立和解放而斗争。”     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.