中共对外政策和新中国外交史研究的起步与发展

中外关系史是新中国成立之后才建立起来的一个分支学科 ,对中共对外政策和中华人民共和国外交史的研究基本是在改革开放之后才开展的。本文简要回顾了中外关系史研究领域的拓展过程 ,介绍了有关中共对外政策和中华人民共和国外交史的史料情况 ,对近年来中外关系史研究中出现的一些热点问题作了述评 ,涉及的时间范围从解放战争时期起至“文化大革命”结束。本文的最后一部分指出了当前有关研究工作存在的不足。     

一部展现当代中国社会历史全貌的著作--读《当代中国社会史》

中国社会史研究自20世纪80年代全面复兴以来,逐步从历史学的边缘领域走向舞台中心。1996年,为进一步确立社会史学科的性质、任务和地位,加强对社会史研究的“宏观把握、整体架构工作”,由龚书铎任总主编,曹文柱和朱汉国任副总主编的8卷本《中国社会通史》出版面世,描摹了先秦至民国数千年间中国社会发展变迁的历史图景。     

“For the Means of Your Subsistence ... Look Under God to Your Own Industry and Frugality”: Life and Labor in Gerrit Smith's Peterboro

The rural hamlet of Peterboro, the home of Gerrit Smith, the nineteenth century's most famous social reformer, has been portrayed as an idyllic and peaceful community free of class conflict. The extensive documentary record suggests a less harmonious situation and indicates that the community was fraught with struggle, engendered as much by Smith's reform efforts as by general class relations. This article examines class-based struggle through several vignettes, including a look at the voting patterns of the Liberty party in Smithfield, the social conditions of African Americans who lived in Peterboro, and the story of the temperance hotel.     

2008年以来国外的中国当代社会史研究

国外学术界一直比较重视对中国当代社会问题的研究,2008年以来,国外对中国当代社会史的研究取得了前所未有的发展,涌现了大批高质量的研究成果。国外学者对当代中国社会构成的研究多集中于人口政策及人口结构的变化、城乡二元社会结构、当代社会阶级与阶层构成等方面,且呈现出研究进一步细化的特点。与国内研究相比,国外学者对中国当代生活的研究较早,研究成果也比较成熟,虽然其中有其研究的局限,但在某些方面,他们的研究走在了前面。这与其开展中国社会史研究的悠久传统有关。此外,其采用的研究方法有的值得借鉴,如近年来国外学者越来越重视在研究中运用数量分析的方法,从而进一步提高研究的科学性。     

Choice Flowers and Well-Ordered Tables: Struggling Over Gender in a Nineteenth-Century Household

Historical archaeologists have generally considered households as isolated,bounded entities, and not as sets of social relations. Consequently, the household has gone unrecognized as an arena of struggle. Analysis of documents associated with the household of nineteenth-century reformer Gerrit Smith challenges this approach. At his Peterboro, New York estate, a struggle ensued between family members because of conflicting ideologies of self-presentation, and between worker and employer on account of the period's shifting gender ideology. In order to access the meanings of objects excavated, the material remains associated with the Smith household must be considered in light of these struggles.     

Food and complex societies

In complex societies individuals from distinct social, economic, gender, or age groups often consume different foods because of various economic, political, and ideological factors. The food system not only involves what is consumed but includes the labor and technology that goes into the production and preparation of food as well as how certain foods are distributed and eventually discarded. Food systems within and among complex societies are thus tightly intertwined with social differentiation and the political economy and participate in defining and maintaining differential social relations.     

Struggling with the Past

Many postprocessual archaeologists have argued that active individuals make history. The apotheosis of the individual has been achieved under the rubric identity, the most pervasive theoretical term of the last few years. This focus obscures the fundamental idea that individuals do not exist in isolation. The relational concept of struggle will help us past this theoretical impasse. This concept has many components including real struggles in the past, our struggles to know the past, and using the past to struggle in the present. Our goal is to struggle past identity politics and the individual by focusing on peoples' real struggles in real cases.     

Newlyweds,Young Families,and Spinsters: A Consideration of Developmental Cycle in Historical Archaeologies of Gender

The social relations of class, gender, and ethnicity affected individuals and families in the nineteenth century and shaped (as well as were shaped by) uses of the material world. Changes in demographic composition of the household, successions in land ownership, and other events that altered the developmental course of the family unit, however, were also significant. Variations in the material and spatial expressions of gender ideologies, for example, were more than simply deviations from middle-class cultural norms. They represented the active negotiation of dominant ideologies and the construction of alternate meaningful gender relations and forms of domesticity.     

当代中国史视角下的社会史研究

新时期以来当代中国史研究日益受到学界重视,取得了引人瞩目的研究成果。近几年来,当代中国史研究出现了新的发展态势,越来越多的学者提出了要加强与政治史、经济史、文化史并列的社会史研究,强调以整体视角来拓展与深化当代中国史研究,这既蕴涵着学术演进的内在逻辑支配,又有着与外在的社会现实相契合的时代机遇。在此发展背景下,一些国史学者从宏大叙事转向微观实证,致力于地方、社会层面的微观研究,重视地方史料的发掘与整理,取径民间,以区域或地方为个案进行实证研究,力求在地方史或区域史研究的基础上把握总体史的样态。因此,很有必要从方法论的角度,以社会史为视角检讨当代中国史研究的开拓与进展,从而推动社会史这一新的学科的建设与发展。     

我国社会结构变化对统一战线内部关系的重大影响

经过 2 0余年的改革开放 ,我国已进入一个新的新型时期。在社会转型过程中 ,社会结构发生了显著的变化 :产业结构由低级向高级推进 ,所有制结构由单一向多样发展 ,城乡二元结构出现松动 ,阶级、阶层发生深刻变化。这必然对统一战线的内部关系产生重大的影响 :工人阶级内部结构复杂化 ,使工人阶级实现自身团结统一的问题突出起来 ;农民阶级的急剧分化 ,使工农联盟的巩固面临新问题 ;私营企业主阶层的产生及其迅速扩大 ,使统一战线内部关系出现前所未有的新变化 ;产业结构优化升级和信息时代的到来 ,对做好知识分子工作提出了更高的要求 ;大量新的社会阶层的出现 ,客观上给民主党派的社会基础带来新的变化 ;“四个多样化”的出现 ,要求统一战线在处理内部关系时 ,应以“三个代表”的思想为指导 ,更加重视照顾同盟者利益和在政治上扩大民主。     

把当代社会史提上研究日程

改革开放新时期以来,史学研究繁荣和发展的标志之一是社会史研究的复兴和高潮迭起。然而,迄今为止,全国还没有一部权威性的当代社会史或包括当代社会史在内的中国社会通史问世。无论从中国通史的一个断代史(中华人民共和国史)的角度审视,还是从中国正在经历并将长期经历的一个社会形态史(社会主义史)的角度审视,当代社会史都是一个亟待填补的空白。中华人民共和国史研究者要以学习和贯彻中共十六届六中全会精神为契机,加大力度研究与中国特色社会主义事业四位一体总体布局中社会建设相对应的当代社会史,把当代社会史提上研究日程,为构建社会主义和谐社会提供历史依据和理论支撑。     

制度设计与实践的背离——北洋政府时期文官考试初探

北洋政府在南京临时政府颁布的<文官考试令>基础上,几经修改,建立了较为完备的文官考试制度.以往的研究多注重于北洋政府文官考试法规与制度,甚少关注其实践过程.就文官考试内容而言,近代自然科学与社会科学取代了八股经文,故参加考试的考生多为饱蘸新学之人.但因近代学堂对新式人才的批量生产,加之学而优则仕的传统,导致文官考试竞争异常激烈.录取后的考生虽大多能得到实习安排,但期满后却难被委以实职,这反映了北洋政府时期文官考试制度设计与实际运行之间的严重背离.     

The Ordinary City

As debates on globalization have progressed from an earlier phase in which commentators saw the intensification of world-scale flows and processes as the negation of local identities and autonomies, the city has been 'rediscovered' as the powerhouse of the globalized economy. Against the view that questions, for example, the continued specificity of the urban in an era increasingly mediated by locationally liberating, advanced telecommunications and rapid transport networks, some strands of urban research assert that cities are becoming more important as the key creative, control and cultural centres within globalizing economic, cultural and social dynamics. Building on these strands, this paper evaluates the assets that cities and metropolitan regions provide in an era of globalization. It attempts to develop an alternative perspective on the city based on the idea that contemporary urban life is founded on the heterogeneity of economic, social, cultural and institutional assets, and concludes by using this perspective to develop implications for urban policy and the quest for social and territorial justice.     

Place, networks, space: theorising the geographies of social movements

This essay examines how geography affects the different types of networks underlying social movements. The principal argument of the paper is that networks forged in particular places and at great distances play distinctive yet complementary functions in broad-based social movements. Not only does the articulation of these different types of networks result in complementary roles, but it also introduces key relational dynamics affecting the stability of the entire social movement. The purpose of the paper is therefore threefold: to provide a conceptual framework for interpreting the complex geographies of contemporary social movement networks, to stress the contributions of place-based relations in social movements and to assess how activist places connect to form 'social movement space'.     

Emulation and Empowerment: Material, Social, and Economic Dynamics in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Virginia

The influence of emulative behavior on the material and socioeconomic transformations of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Anglo-American world is widely debated. A study of historical archaeological sites and probate inventories in Virginia implicates emulation as one ethic operative in rural communities but also identifies a second dynamic: a tendency for many planters of divergent means to act in step with one another, responding in similar ways to new circumstances. Here termed a cultural accord, this affinity enabled some individuals who occupied middling social positions to use emulation advantageously in ways that less privileged members of the population could not.     

空间视角下农村社会关系变迁研究——以山东省枣庄市L村“村改居”为例

以空间为视角,以\"村改居\"为案例,说明了农村居住空间改观对农村社会关系嬗变的影响。首先,农民集中居住后,公寓楼的阶梯设置造成了垂直方向上行走的高差区分。由于楼梯对身体的规训以及安全性差,导致高差间交往的不便;其次,公寓楼单元化的\"门-房\"一体结构导致公共空间与私人空间的界限明朗化,缺少了半私密性空间的过渡,空间闭合与开放的矛盾变得不可调和,农村居民户内交往意愿降低;再次,公共空间相对于私人生活区的外设与远离,导致公共空间使用率下降。农村居民间规模化和混合型交往缺失,公共空间没有承担起公共交往的功能。农村社会关系因此从\"分散的不规则集中\"变为\"集中的均匀分散\"。     

On the New Trends in Recent Chinese Historiography—An Appraisal Based on Views from Social History

The development of historiography in the new era has manifested in the discourse of “new historiography.” One of its achievements is the rise of “social history” or “new social history.” Over the course of the past four decades, the study of social history has prospered, as it has continuously broadened the research field by embracing interdisciplinary methods. As a result, its development has shaped the prospects of Chinese historiography in the new era. Admittedly, if we were to follow a stricter standard of evaluation, then it becomes evident that some problems worthy of reflection are present in the development of new historiography, such as sociologization, the localization of historical research, and the pursuit of new trends in research. For these reasons, we must be aware of these problems in academia in the new era.