Tibetan Treasures Collected By the Palace Museum(Ⅲ)——State Tutor Zhamgyia Norbi Dorje

Zhamgyia Hutog-to was the onlyState Tutor whoreceived thehonor from the Gingemperors.As one of thefour major Living Buddhasystems of the Yellow Sect,he was he most influentialLiving Buddha in the Mon-golian area.Of the six gen-erations,3rd Zhamgyia(1717-1786)was the mostfamous.     

Policy Changes With Regard To Tibetan Language(Ⅰ)

Beginning after the peaceful liberation of Tibet, major towns and cities in Tibet moved toward a bilingual society while the farming and pastoral areas continue to follow the old linguistic tradition. Tibet's linguistic policies over the past 50 years, therefore, have been enacted to cope with the region's specific characteristics.     

Policy Changes With Regard To the Tibetan Language (Ⅳ)

From 1951, when Tibet won peaceful liberation, to 2000, policies for the Tibetan language experienced changes in three separate phases. Measures taken during these three periods were different, but the basic policy remained largely the same.     

Tangka Painting Art of the Tibetan Race （Ⅰ）

Tibetan painting art is mainlyrevealed in mural paintings aswell as tangka.Tangka incar-nates not only the special character of Tibetan painting art but also thefeatures of Tibetan traditional crafts andmounting.     

Songs Wafted From the Tea-Horse Trade Route(Ⅰ)

A small passage cutting through Hendu-an Mountains and the Himalayas in southwest China has been bustling with shuttling traders driving caravans of fully loaded beasts of burden for a millennium. Unlike the Silk Route that is known to all in the world, this route hidden away in high mountains and skirted by flowing streams is almost unknown to the outside world. Such a situation lasted until the 1990s when a number of young scholars surveyed its darkened byways and named it the Tea-Horse     

A Study of mChod-rtens(Tibetan Stūpas)

mChod-rten is a unique form of Stūpa in Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhists have long believed that building mChod-rtens is a way to accumulate virtues and merits, so both religious and secular people value them. Therefore, Tibet has become one of the most     

Policy Changes With Regard to Tibetan Language(Ⅱ)

From the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951 to 2000, Central Government policy for language development in Tibet has experienced many changes. But despite transformation through three stages, the basic points have never changed.(I) CREATION OF A TIBET LANGUAGE POLICY(1) In the 1950sThe 17-Article Agreement signed by the Central Government and the local government of Tibet in 1951 for the peaceful liberation of Tibet stipulated     

THE MODERNIZATION OF TIBETAN OPERA——As exemplified by the Tibetan Opera Group of the Tibet Autonomous Region

<正>Traditional Tibetan opera is classified into two categories-the folkloric Tibetan opera,which is popular in the secular world,and refined Tibetan opera that pervades in upper-class society and Tibetan Buddhist monasteries. These two aspects of Tibetan opera mainly showcase the contents and themes of Tibetan Buddhism in order to reflect     

Rivet's Mission in Colonial Indochina (1931–1932) or the Failure to Create an Ethnographic Museum

By focusing on a transfer of a museological model from the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro to colonial Indochina, the paper examines the failure to create an ethnographic museum. The paper analyses, on the one hand, the collecting practices in the field and the circulation of knowledge, people, and objects from metropole to colony and vice versa. On the other hand, it seeks to highlight why Rivet and the École Française d'Extrême-Orient focused their research programme on the Montagnards from 1932 onwards at a time when French administration attempted to control the Highlands due to its strategic importance in terms of controlling Indochina. The concern with establishing ethnographic collections in Indochina extending from 1920s to 1938 attests the ways in which museums could be evolved in the governance of colonial populations. However, this concern underestimated the very fact that ethnographic museums differed for metropolitan populations and for colonizers.     

A Golden Bridge (Ⅰ)——Construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The world knows China is building a railway from Qinghai to Tibet, a project that began in the early days of this new century. The Tibetans hail it as a golden bridge. How much progress has been made in this regard? Beginning with this issue, we will devote some space to this subject.     

Political Review of the Year (September 1993‐August 1994). From Blair House to the Elysée Palace

Baudrillard, J., L'Illusion de la fin ou la grève des événements (Galiliée, 1992), 170pp., 98F., ISBN 2 7186 0411 5

Bourdieu, P., ed., La Misère du monde (Seuil, Paris, 1993), 949pp., 160F., ISBN 2 02 019674 3

Debray, R., Un mot encore, cher Béré . . . (Arléa, Paris, 1993), 30pp., 20F., ISBN 2 86959 175 6     

Strolling Along Barkor Street(Ⅰ)

Barkor Street has witnessed enormous changes over the past few decades．But the Monument to theTang-Tubo Alliance,willow trees of the Tang Dynasty and large sutra pole, existing in front of JokhangMonastery, retains their original demeanor.     

Himalayan border citizens: Sovereignty and mobility in the Nepal–Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of China border zone

For over half a century, a border zone mandated by bilateral treaty has existed along the full length of the international border between Nepal and China's Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR). Since 2002, people classified as “border inhabitants” who live within 30 km of the border on both sides have been issued “border citizen cards” which allow them to cross the border without a passport or a visa, and travel up to 30 km on the other side. This article explores historical and contemporary experiences of life in the Nepal–TAR border zone for such border citizens. Their state-sanctioned cross-border mobility complicates existing work on Tibetan refugee citizenship, and expands previous models for understanding ethno-political identities and sovereignty in the Himalayan region. The legally recognized category of border citizenship between Nepal and China's TAR provides a compelling example of how states may create alternative categories of citizenship in response to practices from below, while further shaping such practices through regimes of differentiated citizenship. I argue that this form of border citizenship emerges out of non-postcolonial trajectories of state formation in the Himalayan region, which offer important contrasts with other parts of South Asia.     

Princely longing for Europe: Constantine II Brâncoveanu's Mogoşoaia Palace (1702) and the creation of a European identity

Trapped among the Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires, the reign of Constantin II Brancoveanu, Prince of Wallachia, was a constant balancing act between the West and the East. To further his political and cultural ambitions, Constantin initiated and supported an artistic movement, known today as the Brancovenesc style, of which his residence, the Mogosoaia Palace, stands as a prime example. The architecture and ornamentation of the palace makes use of elements from both Eastern – Byzantine and Ottoman – and Western – Renaissance and Baroque – European artistic traditions, merging them into an organic whole. The aim of this article is to explore the artistic strategies employed throughout the palace by arguing that they explicitly, as well as implicitly, construct an inclusive European identity. Starting from the premise that the palace acted as a place of cultural encounter between the East and West, the analysis will focus on how the decoration implies a space of transition through subjects such as metamorphosis and the double-headed eagle. Also, the importance given to spaces such as the entrance foyer and loggia suggests their role as critical spaces evoking the ambiguous concept of the parergon, which in turn challenges the emerging Enlightenment idea of the West as properEurope and the East as not quite Europe.     

Dwelling Houses IN RURAL TIBET(Ⅰ)

Atotal of 28house founda-tions werefound in theKarub Ruins in Qamdo.They take the shape of acircle,half underground.They are dwelling housesbuilt as early as some 5,000years ago when Tibet wasexperiencing the New StoneAge.     

Scientific Exploration At Namjagbarwa Mountain(Ⅰ)

AstheYarLungZangboRiverthunderstowardsMainling,NyingchiandMedogineastTibet,itisconmountains,ofwhichNamjagbarwaMountainreignssupreme.TherivercutsthroughtheHimalayasandmakesanabruptturnaroundtheNamagbarwa,beforeflowingintotheGangeticPlaininthesouth.Highmoun…     

Temporal and Narrative (Dis)junctures: Guillermo Núñez’s Aesthetics of Memory and the Museum of Memory and Human Rights (Santiago,Chile)

Focusing primarily on Guillermo Núñez’s work, this essay juxtaposes two almost-identical exhibits of his ‘exculturas’ (sic: xculptures/ex-cultures) – one at the Chilean-French Cultural Institute in 1975, which resulted in his detention and exile, the other in 2010 for the official inauguration of the Museum of Memory and Human Rights (MM) – to explore their relationships to memory production in Chile four decades after the military coup. In the first, Núñez offered a pointed critique of the repressive post-coup context through a series of caged and netted objects; the second reconstructed the first as a memory gesture, framed within the ultra-modern, state-sponsored MM, in its designated art space, at once included and physically separated from the historical narrative of the Museum. How do the politics, aesthetics and design of the MM work to complement, complicate, or contradict Núñez’s – and, perhaps, any – artistic proposal? What challenges might the aesthetic of memory in Núñez’s work pose to the Museum’s narrative frame? Examining Núñez’s ‘exculturas’ (and, briefly, Gonzalo Díaz’s reconstructed Lonquén) reveals several tensions – around politics of inclusion and exclusion, the state’s role in memorysites, and the relationships between human rights concerns and museological and artistic strategies – marking the social production of memory in Chile today.