里耶秦简所见秦代迁陵县公船相关问题研究

从里耶秦简透露的信息可知,秦代迁陵县公船主要用于日常公务出行、民事运输、军事运输等三个方面。迁陵县内与公船相关的职事之人有津渡船人、津吏、船官、县司空、县丞等。其中,津渡船人为官府雇用、驾驶公船在渡口工作,津吏管理渡口公船之事务,船官总揽一县公船、具体执行县内船务,县司空指导船官工作、是其直接上级,县丞负责审批县内公船的借出。迁陵县对公船的制造与管理既有一系列制度化的规定,又不乏灵活性的变通,这鲜明地反映了秦代县级政府日常运作的一个面相。     

从诸官到列曹：秦汉县政承担者的转变及其动因考论

秦至东汉,地方县内政务承担者由诸官转变为列曹。这一变化历程在传世文献与简牍资料中均有所呈现。战国至西汉,县的直接管理者由内史过渡到郡,造成了县内政务运行体制的调整。商鞅变法确立了内史等朝官共同管理县政的体制,县内诸官系统因对接朝廷各管理部门而形成。西汉中后期,郡制在地方的完全确立,切割了县与朝廷的直接联系。县为对接郡的列曹体制而使原有列曹壮大、完善进而成为县内政务的承担者。上述转变过程具有长期性与复杂性,还涉及内史的地方化和郡的行政化等问题。     

宋代北方的淤田

淤田是宋代水利兴建事业中的一个重要项目,它反映了当时人民改造自然的伟大斗争和美好理想。这个斗争和理想直到今天还有它巨大的现实意义,对我们改造北方盐碱沙荒土地的面貌,有着一定的参考价值。宋代人工淤田较早的是在山西,原在仁宗嘉祐年间,程师孟为河东路提点刑狱兼河渠事,他看到当地“多土山,旁接川谷,春夏大雨,水浊如黄河,俗谓之天河,可溉灌。”(宋史卷351程师孟傳)于是便在绛州正平县南董村劝民得银一千八百缗,买地开渠,引马壁谷水淤瘠田五百余顷。另外在其他九州二十六个县内,凡有“天河水”及泉源处,“亦开渠筑     

从地域开发视角分析日本的核电站建设历史——以福井县为中心

50年代开始,日本制定了国土综合开发法、全综和新全综作为基轴开发日本列岛。在全国开发热潮下,福井县也进行了地域开发,但结果不如人意。福井县为了摆脱过疏状况,开始着眼于诱致核电站在当地进行选址,尽管县内各地对选址活动的反应不尽相同,也曾出现过反对运动,但最终在县内成功实现了核电站的建设,县的交通得到整备,过疏状况得到改善,地域开发也取得一定成效,可以说日本核电站能够推广从某种程度上来说还得归功于地域开发。     

从新出简牍再探秦汉的大内与少内

秦汉大内和少内的职掌及相互关系在学界有多种看法。本文通过对新近发表的秦汉简牍的分析,认为秦少内主管县的财政的收入与支出,但没有充分的证据说明秦时中央政府中也有少内一职。汉代县少内的职责与秦相同,但在中央的少府内也设有少内以管理王室财产。秦的大内与汉的大内都是国家的国库。秦少内与大内有业务上的往来,但在行政管理上服从县长官的领导。     

再论“张昂监造”贡瓷的烧造年代——兼与李放先生商榷

1997年底,江西省文物考古研究所在景德镇湖田窑豪猪岭宋代地层发掘出土了一块外底刻有“迪功郎浮梁县丞臣张昂措置监造”铭的青瓷瓶底。对这块瓶底刻铭的考证,关系宋代景德镇湖田窑的贡瓷地位与年代问题。本文从这块刻铭瓶底的出土地层及其共存遗物、历史文献中有关张昂的史料记载、宋代官制中关于迪功郎官阶的设置、关于县丞职位的设置等方面对张昂以迪功郎官阶出任浮梁县丞一职的时代展开全面探讨,得出张昂在景德镇监造贡瓷的时代约在北宋政和六年(1116)至重和元年(1119)短短三年之内的结论。     

宁县梁高等几座汉墓的清理

1972年夏,本人受宁县文化馆之邀及当时甘肃省博物馆文物队的指派,协助宁县文化馆对宁县梁高汉墓进行清理。其后对西峰南佐汉墓、正宁湫头西候郎汉墓、正宁永和龙安东汉墓、正宁罗川武王庄唐墓进行抢救性清理。在当时的特殊环境下。许多文物遭到破坏。例如,西峰彭原宋代砖塔被拆除;肖金宋代砖塔也遭到一定损失。四面栏杆和窗棂被打掉：庆阳普照寺大殿建筑昂嘴被锯掉;正宁罗川赵氏牌坊被涂抹或胡刻乱划。     

从中央与地方关系互动看宋代基层社会演变

宋代建立后,为加强中央集权,由中央直接委派官员出任地方亲民官,并设置巡检、土兵、县尉、弓手等基层武力,将有财力的百姓纳入吏职,使县成为宋廷深入基层社会的基点。徽宗时期,宋廷无力维护地方治安,使地方菁英、豪右与胥吏所形成的地方势力在基层社会中具有举足轻重的力量。南宋时由于长期和战等因素,使县政推动更需倚赖地方势力的协助。地方豪强与菁英—地方官员—基层武力与胥吏三股势力,形成南宋以后中国基层社会的三个支柱,共同合作互相依存。宋代士人的角色更为重要,是南宋时代基层社会的主要力量。     

里耶秦简“守”和“守丞”释义及其他

通过与睡虎地秦简、张家山汉简的相互参照和分析,本文认为里耶秦简中县的“守”、“丞”和“守丞”含义不同,它们分别为代理县今、县丞和代理县丞;而迁陵县和阳陵县频繁更换县的代理官员的原因是:(一)县的官员参加战争,(二)县的官员去世、生病以及短期离开官署。里耶秦简也说明了秦朝“守官”制度的完备。本文还对里耶秦简中其他一些称谓进行了解读。     

近十余年来宋代女性史研究探述

近十余年来,我国史学界关于宋代女性史研究取得了可喜的成果.宋在借鉴唐代历史经验的同时,有自己独特的政治运行方式,后妃垂帘听政合法化,但受诸多因素限制,因此后妃与政治的关系倍受关注;在理学兴盛的条件下,妇女的婚姻、财产、社会地位、贞节观并未被完全禁锢,而是有一定的自主性及法律性：宋代作为文化的繁荣时期,女性对社会做出了自己的贡献.但是,纵观近十余年来的研究成果,总体研究还不够全面,朝代间女性问题对比性文章少,对现今的借鉴作用还不够.     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.