古陶瓷完整器元素成分无损分析的实现（二）——设备改建和定量分析方法

为了真正实现古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析,就要建造能容纳常规大小古陶瓷样品的真空靶室,以及建立弯曲表面古陶瓷的定量分析方法。本文报道了本实验室QuanX型能谱仪真空靶室改造的整体设计和加工,以及针对弯曲表面古陶瓷样品定量分析的处理方法。大量的测量工作表明所改装的能谱仪完全适应古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析的需要,同时证明古陶瓷样品在较低真空条件下的测量分析是完全无损的;所提出表面弯曲古陶瓷的定量分析处理方法具有简便易行,精确度较高的特点。     

古陶瓷完整器元素成分无损分析的实现（二）－－设备改建和定量分析方法

为了真正实现古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析,就要建造能容纳常规大小陶瓷样品的真空靶室,以及建立弯曲表面古陶瓷的定量分析方法,本报道了本实验室QuanX型能谱仪真空靶室改造的整体设计和加工,以及针对弯曲表面古陶瓷样品定量分析的处理,量的测量工作表明所改装的能谱仪完全适用古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析的需要,同时证明古陶瓷样品在较低真空条件下的测量分析是完全无损的,所提出表面弯曲古陶瓷的定量分析处理方法具有简便易行,精确度较高的特点。     

实验法探讨瓷胎元素组成和烧成温度对热膨胀法测温的影响

高温技术是我国古陶瓷科技发展史上最重要的技术成就之一,而古陶瓷测温是古陶瓷研究领域中的核心研究内容。热膨胀法具有比较直接和精确判定古陶瓷烧成温度的特点,然尚存在部分标本测量误差较大等问题。鉴于此,本研究充分考虑我国南北方古瓷胎组成配方和结构性能特点,运用实验考古学方法模拟制备具有我国古陶瓷典型瓷胎配方和不同烧结状态的标准参考样,采用热膨胀仪科学化表征瓷胎重烧热膨胀曲线上转折点与其化学组成、烧成温度间的耦合关系,并深入剖析其影响规律及内在机理,同时确立瓷胎化学组成中Al₂O₃含量和自身烧结状态是影响热膨胀法判定古陶瓷烧成温度准确性和适用性的关键技术参数。本研究有助于科学化认知现有热膨胀测温方法,补充和完善使用热膨胀仪判定古陶瓷烧成温度的方法和理论体系。     

古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析

该项目所完成的测量系统是国内首家满足大量古陶瓷完整器真空条件下无损定量分析测试的装置,弯曲表面古陶瓷样品的定量分析也处于领先地位。现已成功地应用于大量单色釉和彩瓷等各类古陶瓷专项研究以及日常无损分析与鉴别。国外的此类系统     

陶器古剂量线性回归方法和误差评估

陶器古剂量P包含等效剂量Q和超线性修正I两个部分,为了提高古剂量测量的准确性,正确地计算古剂量的测量误差,本工作测试了10个古陶片样品,利用线性回归方法计算等效剂量Q和超线性修正I,并对不同的古剂量计算方法进行误差分析和评估。研究表明,线性回归方法(包括归平法和平归法)计算陶器古剂量的准确性优于目前采用的常规法;通过几种不同方法的误差比较和分析,归平法所得误差较其它方法更严谨、合理。该研究在提高古剂量测量的准确性和正确计算古剂量的测量误差两方面具有重要的意义,使得古剂量的测量更加合理,符合数理统计规律。     

基于XRF与TL技术相结合的古陶瓷产地判别研究

古陶瓷产地判别一直是古陶瓷研究工作的一个重点。为了拓展产地判别的科技研究方法,本研究针对南北方4个不同窑口(越窑、建窑、耀州窑、定窑)的古陶瓷样品,首次结合采用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)和热释光(TL)测试分析技术相互印证,测定4个窑口样品的胎釉元素组成和热释光特性,并建立相对应的数据库,相互印证判别古陶瓷样品的产地。数据库的统计分析表明:同一窑口的古陶瓷不仅在主量与微量元素化学组成具有一定的地域特征,其热释光的测量灵敏度也存在地域特征性;不同窑口的古陶瓷可以通过元素组成归类和热释光特性的不同加以区分,结合采用XRF与TL测试分析两种技术可以更准确地对古陶瓷产地进行分析判别。     

古陶瓷的成分测定,数据处理和考古解释

化学组成测定是古陶瓷科学研究的基础。作根据亲身实践,对几种常用的,或有发展前景的陶瓷化学组成的测量方法作了综评,定量地估计了它们的灵敏度,精密度和准确度。本还对古陶瓷化学组成数据多元统计处理中变量和样品的选择和舍弃,数据处理结果的表述,特别是作考古推论中的某些问题进行了探讨。     

临水窑与介休窑白底彩绘工艺的对比研究

白底黑花装饰风格的瓷器,始终是陶瓷、科技界和陶瓷爱好者关注的热点。临水窑(磁州窑)与介休窑白底黑花风格的瓷器之间有着密切的联系,但是对于两窑产品的科技分析甚少,至于两者的对比研究更是无从谈起。因此,本工作利用岩相分析、SEM-EDS等方法分析了临水窑(磁州窑)、介休窑样品的瓷胎、化妆土及瓷釉的化学成分和显微结构。比较分析显示,两窑样品的瓷胎均为低硅高铝配方,且介休窑瓷胎中的Al2O3含量更高;两窑瓷胎粗糙,Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高,致使其呈浅黄色。瓷胎表面均施有化妆土,所不同的是,介休窑的瓷胎表面施有两层化妆土,其靠近釉的一层化妆土(h2),Fe2O3、TiO2含量极低,靠近胎的一层化妆土(h1),Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高;临水窑样品的瓷胎表面仅施一层化妆土,其Fe2O3、TiO2含量较低,但高于介休窑近釉层化妆土中的相应含量。介休窑瓷釉为典型的高钙釉,而临水窑则为典型的碱钙釉和钙碱釉。不难认识到,介休窑似在临水窑白底黑花及化妆土工艺的基础上,因地制宜,勇于创新,形成了成本低廉、技术先进的两层化妆土工艺,在当地原料较为粗糙的条件下,生产出质量较好的白底釉下彩绘瓷器。     

古陶瓷瓷釉元素成分数据库建立的基础研究

清代官窑瓷器元素成分数据库建立工作是上海博物馆古陶瓷科学分析研究的一个重要组成部分,该数据库的建立不仅为清代官窑瓷器专业研究提供技术支持,也可以为清代官窑瓷器的鉴定提供参考。本工作以清代官窑瓷器为主要研究对象,介绍了古陶瓷元素成分数据库建立工作中的相关基础研究,即数据库建立工作中测量点数的选取、测量条件的确认、测量方法精度的验证、清代官窑瓷器瓷釉元素成分含量的均匀性分布特点及含量分类标准等等。并对古陶瓷元素含量数据库建立工作中的相关问题展开了讨论。     

古瓷窑系列展:述说瓷国千年荣光——浅谈“丝绸之路”展览策划

<正>从2000年开始,结合学习、研究过程中遇到的陶瓷难点,尤其是为了解决馆藏陶瓷器的窑口归属问题,北京艺术博物馆专业人员对古陶瓷窑址进行了全面学习、考察。同时,针对全国古陶瓷窑址考古新发现层出不穷、窑址资料无比浩繁的现状,从2009年起,确立了"中国古瓷窑大系"项目,包括展览、学术研究与图书出版等。古瓷窑系列展,作为项目内容之一,启动于2010年,是在耿宝     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.