全祖望的史学与“七校”、“三笺”

全祖望是清代前期著名学者,曾补撰《宋元学案》,向以史家著称。他作为史家从研究历史的角度出发,七校《水经注》、三笺《困学纪闻》,在历史文献学方面,多有创获。本文即就上述三个方面,探讨全氏在史学以及历史文献学方面的成就     

全祖望与《明史》关系探论

乾隆元年(1736),全祖望撰《移明史馆帖子》六通,商榷《明史》之《艺文志》、《史表》、《隐逸传》、《忠义传》,由于此期史馆审订《明史》之处甚少,其建议未予以采纳。《明史》刊刻之后,全祖望遂先对《明史》进行纠缪订误、补充史料,撰写了大量墓志传状题跋之文,极力褒扬明末清初抗清人物的忠义气节,充分彰显浙东学派"经世致用"的治史风格。深入探究全祖望对《明史》之检讨,不仅有助于深入了解全祖望史学思想和治史特色,还有助于深入研究清朝官修《明史》之得失。     

论秦九原郡始置的年代

<正> 秦始皇二十六年始分天下为三十六郡。此三十六郡的名称,说者不一。九原郡是否在此三十六郡数中,也是历来争论的一个焦点。首创九原郡不在三十六郡之中的说法,始于全祖望。全祖望于《汉书地理志稽疑》中说:“<匈奴传>,赵有雁门、代郡、云中三郡以     

郑德坤与《水经注》

<正> 自从金蔡珪(松甫)于12世纪中叶撰《水经补注》以后,郦学研究之风兴起。明代以后,郦学家人才辈出,到了清乾隆年代而臻于鼎盛。全祖望、赵一清、戴震三家,成为郦学研究登峰造极的代表人物。此后,在清一代中,后来者都不能与此三家相颉     

读《万斯同评传》、《全祖望评传》

清初浙东学术主经世致用,以长于史学而有名于世。自黄宗羲以下,有万斯同、全祖望辈继起,薪火相传,蔚为可观。如何以现代学术文化的目光审视、总结该学派思想是一个大课题,而作为个案研究的万斯同、全祖望等近年已出现了若干可喜的成果。     

《鲒■亭集》的学术价值

全祖望的《鲒亭集》具有重要的学术价值,补充《明史》许多缺漏,特别是补充南明王朝活动的材料,反映浙东地区的抗清活动。在学术史研究上,该书提供《明儒学案》以外的明朝学术史材料,此外,考信史料和讨论史书编纂等内容都值得重视     

近现代中国学人书法手迹选萃

黄云眉（1898～1977）著名历史学家。原名錾鳞,字子亭,号半坡。他对《明史》的系统考证、对清初大儒全祖望的深入研究,对后世有深远影响。黄云眉12岁开蒙,只读了两年私塾,受过3年的小学教育,取得如此成就完全是自学成才。黄云眉治学严谨、经世致用、实事求是,不仅在史学方面成果斐然,在文学、音韵训诂、版本目录、书法艺术等领域也有很高的造诣。     

论黄宗羲的学术史观

明清之际,以社会的剧烈变革为背景,中国传统思想开始进入了总结、整理的时期。如果说,王夫之主要对古典哲学作了较为全面的反省,顾炎武着重在经学上开一代学风(奠定清代朴学之基础),那末,黄宗羲的注重之点则主要在学术史。黄宗羲曾对宋元及明代的学术思想史作了深入的考察与整理,他的《明儒学案》及《宋元学案》(由黄百家、全祖望续成)之系统与精深,是前     

论《宋元学案》的编纂、体例特点和历史地位

《宋元学案》是一部比较全面地综合了宋元时期各学术派别的思想资料,并以学案体的形式加以编纂的学术史专著。其规模之庞大、材料之翔实、体例之严整,均超迈前此的学术史著作。因此,有必要从学术史编纂学的角度,对这部著作的成书过程、体例特点和历史地位等问题加以研讨。一、《宋元学案》的编纂《宋元学案》并非出自一人之手,也非成书于一时。它系由黄宗羲始纂修于清康熙十五至三十四年间(1676—1695年),后经其子百家、私淑全祖望续修,又经同郡王梓材、冯云濠校定整理,才成为百卷定本的。从宗羲草创此书至最后编定刊刻出版,历时近两个世纪。《宋元学案》初无定名,称法不一:或称《宋儒学案》,或称《宋元儒学案》,或以《宋儒学案》和《元儒学案》分称。直至道光年间,王梓材、冯云濠校定此书时,鉴于全祖望“所定《序录》,自宋及元,合为百卷”,才合称《宋元学案》。尽管《宋元学案》非出自宗羲一人之手,然而其草创之功,自不可没。他为本书发凡起     

宋元儒学的重建与清初思想史观——以《宋元学案》全氏补本为中心的考察

《宋元学案》全祖望补本约占全书三分之一,但长期以来其性质及其思想史上的意义几被遮蔽。全氏补本力求摆脱宋以来的道统谱系,着意重构宋元儒学的多元史实;发掘梳理大量处于边缘与过渡环节中的儒学活动,呈现了儒学流变的丰富性与复杂性;增设与儒学运动密切相关,但思想内容不多的学案以及不直接反映思想的党案,使思想史的建构突破了纯理论的范式。与黄宗羲相比,全氏补本更具有“历史的”性质,反映出清代浙东思想史观的变化,并折射出清代学术有别于宋学的特征。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.