也谈“大女”

在吐鲁番出土的文书中经常可见“大女”一词,有些学者认为:它指“作为户主的寡妇或者单身女性,可能也有一些是替代外出服役的丈夫或儿子而临时作为户主的.她们承担着一定的赋税责任,同时也有一定的机会与外界进行交往.”笔者认为,“大女”主要指家庭子女辈份中排行为长的女性.随着年龄的增长,她可以是幼女、成年女性、已婚妇女,也可以是寡妇.称成年女子为“大女”,这是当地社会上对这类女性约定俗成的一种称谓,不是什么能做“户主”的寡妇或“单身女性”的代名词.在唐代社会里,家中若有男夫,不管在役、在任,注册户籍时必须登记著录,不得隐瞒漏写,反之,将获“脱户”之罪,从“漏口法”治罪.所以,“大女”也不是什么“替代外出服役的丈夫或儿子而临时作为户主的”女性的代名词.依照唐律,对于没有男夫的家庭,让寡妇充当户主,这是国家从征派赋税的角度赋予女性的社会责任和地位.吐鲁番出土的“大女”材料表现出当地在这方面的乡规民约与唐朝的律法完全一致.     

《家产继承史论》出版

邢铁著《家产继承史论》作为“中国经济史研究丛书”之一 ,由云南大学出版社于2 0 0 0年 1 1月出版。该书有两个特点 :一是整体勾勒出了中国古代家产继承方式的框架。该书没有按朝代顺序划分章目 ,而是按家产继承方式的实际内容和内在联系划分为 7个专题 (章 ) ,即传统家产继承方式的形成、诸子平均析产方式、妇女的家产继承权、立嗣继产、遗嘱继产、工商家庭的继产问题和继产方式中的补充规定等内容 ,最后在结语处简要分析了传统家产继承方式对中国社会历史进程和人际关系心态的影响。在每种方式中又具体厘为若干方面 ,如诸子平均析产方式…     

汉口有个"敬节堂"

“敬节堂”俗称“寡妇堂”,是武汉市唯一一个供养寡妇守节的堂所。它创建于1894年清朝末年间,主要靠做善事的人施舍来维持日常用度。从建堂到消亡有70多年的历史。     

以唐代为例看封建社会的"母权"

一提起封建社会的家庭关系和妇女的社会地位。人们往往一言以蔽之日“男尊女卑”。这种提法太笼统、太含糊,在某种意义上甚至是片面的。因为人们往往只看到“三纲”对妇女的压制,而忽视了“孝亲”、“敬长”对年长妇女的保护。在“家无二尊”的父家长制社会中,夫是一家之长,妻则居于从属地位,夫为妻纲,妻要顺从丈夫。     

太平天国寡妇再嫁问题辨析--兼论寡妇再嫁不能作为太平天国解放妇女之论据

太平天国允许寡妇改嫁,且付诸一定的社会实践,在客观上对解放妇女起了一定的推动作用。但它只是广西客家妇女、壮族妇女再婚习俗在太平天国内一种理所当然的延续,并与江南民间妇女改嫁现象渐趋合流,使寡妇改嫁在太平天国内得到了地域、文化和心灵上的认同。洪秀全和太平天国实行的仍是封建妇女贞节观,并不是太平天国解放妇女的一大措施。     

清中期立嗣过继中家庭与家关系分析

清代中期的立嗣过继在不同层级的“家”之中进行,基本规则是以同父周亲之“家”为基础,进而形成由亲及疏的扩展格局。对官私制度和个案研究显示,民间立嗣过继多遵循了规则要求,同父周亲之“家”是主要的择嗣范围,其次是同祖之家,两者占比超过80%。当有多个可选择的过继对象时,立嗣者往往从有利于家产保护、现有生存条件维护角度考虑入继人选。立嗣过继增强了“家”内立嗣与出继两个小家庭之间的关系,但立嗣家庭与丧失过继机会的家庭之间则往往有矛盾发生。此外,过继者与原生家庭之间形成了新的利益格局,在不同层级“家”内形成错综复杂的关系。     

近代早期英国寡妇形象的建构

近代早期的英国社会流行着薄情好色的寡妇形象。然而,这一刻板印象却与社会现实明显不符。追根究底,这源于男性的焦虑。出于对女人性贞洁的担忧、对家产与子女的担忧、对死亡和被遗忘的担忧以及对两性秩序的担忧,男权机制建构了负面的寡妇形象,以此加强对寡妇的监督和管理,进而维持和巩固男性权威。     

“妇女领域”研究述评

“妇女领域”（ｗｏｍｅｎ＇ｓｓｐｈｅｒｅｓ）一词,尽管被人们在不同的场合中广泛应用,但却不是一个严谨的概念。它可以有妇女生活的范围、妇女关心的问题、妇女文化等大小不等的含义。妇女领域也是家庭领域、私人领域的代名词,相对于社会领域、公共领域,作为与男性...     

"良妻贤母"与"贤妻良母"的不同命运——近代中日女子教育比较

“良妻贤母”曾经是近代日本女子教育的代名词,有知识、有文化,始终是近代日本妇女的“贤”与“良”的主要标准之一。其时的中国也曾受其影响,以培养“贤妻良母”为目标。然而,近代以后半封建、半殖民地的社会状况使中国妇女不可能像日本妇女那样,在相对安稳的环境下去接受教育和知识的熏陶。日本的“良妻贤母”与中国的“贤妻良母”不仅有着不同的内涵,也面临着完全不同的命运。     

中世纪西欧工业生产中的妇女群体——纺纱女、酿酒女及其他

妇女是中世纪西欧工业生产中的特定群体,绝大多数人从事纺纱、酿酒和丝织等女性行业。她们通常在自己家中生产,将操持家务和赚取现金收入结合起来。少数女性协助丈夫或父亲经营其他行业的家庭作坊,寡妇可以继承亡夫的职业。也有些女孩在青少年阶段外出当学徒或充当女仆,少数已婚妇女独立从事工业,获得一定程度的独立性和自主性,个别人甚至成长为企业家。尽管中世纪晚期小城市和农村的毛纺织业中出现了女织工,但酿酒和丝绸等传统的中世纪女性行业逐渐让位于男性,城市工业为减少竞争也加大了限制力度,妇女工业生产的空间受到挤压。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.