An Economic Appraisal of Lands in Connection with the Organization of Lands on State Farms of the Virgin Lands

The author suggests that economic land appraisals, designed to improve the utilization of state-farm lands, be combined with a program of land organization on state farms, assigning the most effective land uses to individual farm plots on the basis of physical factors, soil fertility, and achievement of maximum yields at the lowest cost in labor and capital. Rational land use under the new schemes in compared with the past stereotyped approach on state farms of the virgin lands.     

The Dynamics of Incrementalism: Subsystems, Politics, and Public Lands

A host of research has been produced in the decade since Baumgartner and Jones' theory of punctuated equilibrium first drew attention to the dynamics of policy change over time. Much of this research follows a topic across time, highlighting the shift from negative to positive feedback as challengers push an issue from subsystem to institutional level. Far less attention has been paid to the periods between major punctuations, neglecting key questions about whether incremental periods reflect an absence of challengers or the successful defense of established subsystem interests.
This research is a comparison of policy change across two segments of environmental policy. The breakup of the timber subsystem was a clear victory for environmentalists, yet these same actors have been largely unsuccessful at dislodging established grazing interests. These findings highlight the strategic value of venue shifting for bypassing entrenched interests and illustrate the potential for successful challenges to occur in judicial venues.     

Indian Lands,Environmental Policy and Military Geopolitics in the Development of the Brazilian Amazon: The Case of the Yanomami

This article examines the realignments of the developmentalist discourse and strategy of the Brazilian military for the Amazon during the civilian government of the ‘New Republic’ (1985–90). It focuses on a case study, i.e. the official expropriation of the lands of the Yanomami Indians in the states of Roraima and Amazonas along the Brazil/Venezueta border. The analysis brings to light how, during this period, the military aimed at neutralizing both the pressure of environmental NGOs on Brazil's international creditors and the emergent democratization of decisions on land use in Amazônia. It shows how such attempts involved manipulating environmental legislation and ecological rhetoric in order to perpetuate military hegemony over the development of Amazônia to the benefit of mining interests. Finally, the paper traces the roots of these man?uvres to a geopolitical and economical model for Amazonian integration still inspired by the national security doctrine drawn up in the 1950s and 1960s by the Escola Superior de Guerra.     

Balancing Preservation and Logging: Public Lands Policy in British Columbia and the Western United States

Both the United States and Canada have made fundamental changes in their policies regarding natural resources. The province of British Columbia made major revisions to its forest policy in the earlyto-mid-1990s; in the western United States, policy efforts have been stymied by conflicts between state and federal officials and between conservationists and resource developers. The different structures of federalism in the two countries result in two different approaches to policymaking that are discussed here. However, the ultimate test of natural resource policy, I argue, should be their consistency with the goal of sustainable ecosystems and preservation of biodiversity. From the perspective of ecological science, neither country has been particularly successful in policymaking for public lands and for logging in particular. Both nations have failed to give priority to protecting old-growth forests and largely have rejected the idea that ancient forests are much more valuable than simply sources of timber     

Study and Classification of Agricultural Lands

The author discusses three classifications of agricultural lands based on (1) natural properties that affect productivity and serviceability, (2) on need for improvement and responsiveness to it, and (3) on actual use. All three classifications are considered essential for an agricultural evaluation of lands and for determining the relative effectiveness of use methods, actual or planned.     

维多利亚时代英国份田运动缘由及绩效的考察

19世纪的英国正处于工业化进程中的关键阶段。然而,由于圈地运动的影响、社会福利制度的不完善、乡村工业尤其是纺织业的逐渐衰败,导致工人严重失业,农村地区生活水平下降,骚乱频仍。为缓解社会矛盾,重塑自己在乡村社会中的形象,贵族地主提出了份田运动的倡议,份田制度逐渐得以建立。份田以精耕细作为特征,属劳动密集型农业。它的推广,补充了济贫法的不足,创造了大量的就业机会,缓解了农村的社会矛盾,提高了土地生产效率,为英国世界工场地位的最终确立提供了稳定的社会环境。     

Committed to Conserve: the Western Lands Act, 1901, and the Management of the Public Estate of the Western Division of New South Wales

Modern perceptions of a past characterised by ignorance and disregard for the environment overlook widely supported attempts by Europeans to protect Australia’s biophysical resources. An environmental and financial crisis in the rangelands of the Western Division of New South Wales was investigated by the Royal Commission into the Condition of the Crown Tenants of 1901. This crisis and royal commission are famous evidence of a profound mismatch between early pastoralism and the land. But, less famously, the royal commission and the subsequent Western Lands Act, 1901, were part of a widely supported and deep commitment to better adapt pastoralism to its environment. The failure of this commitment to achieve lasting change to the way the land was used over succeeding decades illustrates the intransigence of our basic systems of land use.     

海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策

作为人口大国之一 ,印度与中国一样 ,有着庞大的海外移民群体及其后裔。目前 ,海外印度人已超过二千万人 ,分布在 1 1 0个国家和地区。上世纪 90年代以来 ,随着海外印度人对所在国和印度影响的增强 ,海外印度人在印度及海外都引起了比以前更多的关注。印度政府采取了一系列措施 ,以吸引更多的海外印度人投身印度国内的经济建设 ,为印度的发展作贡献。本文概述海外印度移民的基本情况 ,分析海外印度人与印度的联系及对印度的影响以及印度政府对海外移民的政策 ,希望从中能得到某些启示 ,从而对中国的侨务政策提供某些参考和借鉴。     

饱水古木材的结构和降解过程

饱水古术材横切片通常显示两个或更多的不同降解区域。光学显微镜、电子显微镜、配合组织的化学成分分析,证明了木材从内到外的非生命化学降解过程。随着水分的充满,欢生壁园糖类的水解开始松动。细胞壁失去荧光性和飒折射。最后残存的本质素结构崩塌,只剩粒状残片。第三层细胞壁,特别是薄片状胞间层,有抵抗力,只要一直充满永就会保持原始组织尺寸。